PMID- 28031693
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20180129
LR  - 20181113
IS  - 1090-0535 (Electronic)
IS  - 1090-0535 (Linking)
VI  - 22
DP  - 2016
TI  - Intake of dietary salt and drinking water: Implications for the development of 
      age-related macular degeneration.
PG  - 1437-1454
AB  - PURPOSE: Systemic hypertension is a risk factor of age-related retinal diseases 
      such as diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration. High intake of 
      dietary salt and low intake of water increase extracellular osmolality resulting 
      in hypertension, in particular in salt-sensitive individuals. This review 
      summarizes the present knowledge regarding the impact of salt and water intake on 
      the regulation of blood pressure, retinal function, and the development of 
      age-related retinal diseases. METHODS: A literature search of the Medline 
      database and a summary of recent studies that used human RPE cells. RESULTS: The 
      salt sensitivity of the blood pressure and plasma osmolality increase with age, 
      and body water deficits are common in older individuals. High plasma osmolality 
      has adverse effects in the retina. In RPE cells, high osmolality induces 
      expression and secretion of angiogenic factors, such as vascular endothelial 
      growth factor (VEGF), placental growth factor, and basic fibroblast growth 
      factor, and expression of aquaporin-5, a water channel implicated in 
      transepithelial water transport. The transcriptional activities of 
      hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) and nuclear factor of activated T cell 5 
      (NFAT5) are critical for the production of VEGF in response to salt-induced 
      osmotic stress. Salt-induced osmotic stress also induces priming of the NLRP3 
      inflammasome and activates inflammatory enzymes in RPE cells. CONCLUSIONS: Raised 
      plasma osmolality may aggravate age-related retinal diseases by stimulation of 
      local inflammation and angiogenic factor production in the RPE. Alterations in 
      salt and water consumption, and of minerals that stimulate renal salt excretion, 
      may offer nutritional approaches to prevent age-related retinal disorders, in 
      particular in salt-sensitive individuals and individuals who show signs of body 
      dehydration.
FAU - Bringmann, Andreas
AU  - Bringmann A
AD  - Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, 
      Germany.
FAU - Hollborn, Margrit
AU  - Hollborn M
AD  - Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, 
      Germany.
FAU - Kohen, Leon
AU  - Kohen L
AD  - Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, 
      Germany; Helios Klinikum Aue, Aue, Germany.
FAU - Wiedemann, Peter
AU  - Wiedemann P
AD  - Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, 
      Germany.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PT  - Review
DEP - 20161222
PL  - United States
TA  - Mol Vis
JT  - Molecular vision
JID - 9605351
RN  - 0 (Drinking Water)
RN  - 0 (Inflammasomes)
RN  - 0 (Sodium Chloride, Dietary)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Blood Pressure/drug effects
MH  - *Drinking Water
MH  - Humans
MH  - Inflammasomes/metabolism
MH  - Macular Degeneration/*etiology
MH  - Osmolar Concentration
MH  - Sodium Chloride, Dietary/*adverse effects
PMC - PMC5178186
EDAT- 2016/12/30 06:00
MHDA- 2018/01/30 06:00
PMCR- 2016/01/01
CRDT- 2016/12/30 06:00
PHST- 2016/05/20 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2016/12/20 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2016/12/30 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2016/12/30 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2018/01/30 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2016/01/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 117 [pii]
PST - epublish
SO  - Mol Vis. 2016 Dec 22;22:1437-1454. eCollection 2016.