PMID- 28089297
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
DCOM- 20180404
LR  - 20180404
IS  - 1872-6283 (Electronic)
IS  - 0379-0738 (Linking)
VI  - 272
DP  - 2017 Mar
TI  - Time since discharge of 9mm cartridges by headspace analysis, part 1: 
      Comprehensive optimisation and validation of a headspace sorptive extraction 
      (HSSE) method.
PG  - 159-170
LID - S0379-0738(16)30561-8 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.12.029 [doi]
AB  - Estimating the time since discharge of spent cartridges can be a valuable tool in 
      the forensic investigation of firearm-related crimes. To reach this aim, it was 
      previously proposed that the decrease of volatile organic compounds released 
      during discharge is monitored over time using non-destructive headspace 
      extraction techniques. While promising results were obtained for large-calibre 
      cartridges (e.g., shotgun shells), handgun calibres yielded unsatisfying results. 
      In addition to the natural complexity of the specimen itself, these can also be 
      attributed to some selective choices in the methods development. Thus, the 
      present series of paper aimed to more systematically evaluate the potential of 
      headspace analysis to estimate the time since discharge of cartridges through the 
      use of more comprehensive analytical and interpretative techniques. Specifically, 
      in this first part, a method based on headspace sorptive extraction (HSSE) was 
      comprehensively optimised and validated, as the latter recently proved to be a 
      more efficient alternative than previous approaches. For this purpose, 29 
      volatile organic compounds were preliminary selected on the basis of previous 
      works. A multivariate statistical approach based on design of experiments (DOE) 
      was used to optimise variables potentially involved in interaction effects. 
      Introduction of deuterated analogues in sampling vials was also investigated as 
      strategy to account for analytical variations. Analysis was carried out by 
      selected ion mode, gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). 
      Results showed good chromatographic resolution as well as detection limits and 
      peak area repeatability. Application to 9mm spent cartridges confirmed that the 
      use of co-extracted internal standards allowed for improved reproducibility of 
      the measured signals. The validated method will be applied in the second part of 
      this work to estimate the time since discharge of 9mm spent cartridges using 
      multivariate models.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
FAU - Gallidabino, M
AU  - Gallidabino M
AD  - Universite de Lausanne, Ecole des Sciences Criminelles, Batiment Batochime, 1015 
      Lausanne-Dorigny, Switzerland; King's College London, Analytical and 
      Environmental Science Division, 150 Stamford Street, SE1 9NH London, United 
      Kingdom. Electronic address: matteo.gallidabino@unil.ch.
FAU - Romolo, F S
AU  - Romolo FS
AD  - Sapienza Universita di Roma, Section of Legal Medicine, Department SAIMLAL, Viale 
      Regina Elena 336, 00161 Rome, Italy.
FAU - Weyermann, C
AU  - Weyermann C
AD  - Universite de Lausanne, Ecole des Sciences Criminelles, Batiment Batochime, 1015 
      Lausanne-Dorigny, Switzerland.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20161224
PL  - Ireland
TA  - Forensic Sci Int
JT  - Forensic science international
JID - 7902034
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Design of experiments
OT  - Firearm
OT  - Forensic science
OT  - Gunshot residue
OT  - Sorptive extraction
OT  - Time since discharge
EDAT- 2017/01/17 06:00
MHDA- 2017/01/17 06:01
CRDT- 2017/01/17 06:00
PHST- 2016/04/08 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2016/10/19 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2016/12/15 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2017/01/17 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2017/01/17 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2017/01/17 06:00 [entrez]
AID - S0379-0738(16)30561-8 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.12.029 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Forensic Sci Int. 2017 Mar;272:159-170. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.12.029. 
      Epub 2016 Dec 24.