PMID- 28144866
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20170531
LR  - 20181202
IS  - 1614-7499 (Electronic)
IS  - 0944-1344 (Linking)
VI  - 24
IP  - 9
DP  - 2017 Mar
TI  - Characteristics of ammonia gas and fine particulate ammonium from two distinct 
      urban areas: Osaka, Japan, and Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
PG  - 8147-8163
LID - 10.1007/s11356-017-8496-5 [doi]
AB  - Continuous and simultaneous measurements of ammonia gas (NH(3)) and fine 
      particulate ammonium (PM(2.5)NH(4)(+)) were performed in two distinct urban 
      areas: Osaka, Japan, and Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), Vietnam. Measurements were 
      performed using a new online instrument. Two measurement periods were conducted 
      during February 11-March 12, 2015 (cold period), and July 1-September 14, 2015 
      (warm period), at the urban site in Osaka, while 17 days of measurements, from 
      May 21 to June 8, 2015, were conducted at the urban site in HCMC. The average 
      NH(3) concentration at the HCMC site was much higher than that at the Osaka site. 
      The differences in the NH(3) levels between the two cities are a result of their 
      different emission sources. Traffic emission is a significant contributor to the 
      NH(3) levels within the urban area in Osaka. Conversely, the contribution of 
      traffic emission to the NH(3) levels in the HCMC urban area is negligible. With a 
      population of around 8.5 million people living in the urban area of HCMC, the 
      high NH(3) level is due to human sources and poor waste management systems, 
      especially because of the high temperature (30  degrees C) and dense population of the 
      city (density up to 42,000 inhabitants per km(2)). In contrast to the NH(3) 
      levels, the highest PM(2.5)NH(4)(+) level occurred during the cold period at the 
      Osaka site, and the average level at this site was higher than that at the HCMC 
      site. The availability of atmospheric acids, low temperature, and high humidity 
      facilitates the formation of ammonium. Our results indicate that NH(3) plays a 
      key role in secondary inorganic aerosol formation; therefore, it contributes to a 
      significant amount of PM(2.5) at the Osaka site. In contrast, the high levels of 
      PM(2.5) observed at the HCMC site are likely from road traffic emission, mainly 
      motorcycles, rather than secondary inorganic aerosol formation.
FAU - Huy, Duong Huu
AU  - Huy DH
AD  - Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture 
      University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai-shi, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan. 
      dhhuy@hcmus.edu.vn.
AD  - Faculty of Environmental Science, University of Science, Vietnam National 
      University, 227 Nguyen Van Cu Street, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. 
      dhhuy@hcmus.edu.vn.
FAU - Thanh, Le Tu
AU  - Thanh LT
AD  - Faculty of Environmental Science, University of Science, Vietnam National 
      University, 227 Nguyen Van Cu Street, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
FAU - Hien, To Thi
AU  - Hien TT
AD  - Faculty of Environmental Science, University of Science, Vietnam National 
      University, 227 Nguyen Van Cu Street, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
FAU - Noro, Kazushi
AU  - Noro K
AD  - Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture 
      University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai-shi, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan.
FAU - Takenaka, Norimichi
AU  - Takenaka N
AD  - Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture 
      University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai-shi, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20170131
PL  - Germany
TA  - Environ Sci Pollut Res Int
JT  - Environmental science and pollution research international
JID - 9441769
RN  - 0 (Aerosols)
RN  - 0 (Air Pollutants)
RN  - 0 (Ammonium Compounds)
RN  - 0 (Particulate Matter)
RN  - 7664-41-7 (Ammonia)
SB  - IM
MH  - Aerosols
MH  - Air Pollutants/*analysis
MH  - Ammonia/*analysis
MH  - Ammonium Compounds/*analysis
MH  - Cities
MH  - Environmental Monitoring/methods
MH  - Humidity
MH  - Japan
MH  - Particulate Matter/*analysis
MH  - Temperature
MH  - Vietnam
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Ammonia
OT  - Ammonium
OT  - Ho Chi Minh City
OT  - Osaka
OT  - PM2.5
OT  - Traffic emission
OT  - Urban
EDAT- 2017/02/02 06:00
MHDA- 2017/06/01 06:00
CRDT- 2017/02/02 06:00
PHST- 2016/07/26 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2017/01/20 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2017/02/02 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2017/06/01 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2017/02/02 06:00 [entrez]
AID - 10.1007/s11356-017-8496-5 [pii]
AID - 10.1007/s11356-017-8496-5 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2017 Mar;24(9):8147-8163. doi: 
      10.1007/s11356-017-8496-5. Epub 2017 Jan 31.