PMID- 28199388
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20170828
LR  - 20221207
IS  - 1932-6203 (Electronic)
IS  - 1932-6203 (Linking)
VI  - 12
IP  - 2
DP  - 2017
TI  - Occurrence of novel GII.17 and GII.21 norovirus variants in the coastal 
      environment of South Korea in 2015.
PG  - e0172237
LID - 10.1371/journal.pone.0172237 [doi]
LID - e0172237
AB  - Human norovirus (HNoV), a positive-sense RNA virus, is the main causative agent 
      of acute viral gastroenteritis. Multiple pandemic variants of the genogroup II 
      genotype 4 (GII.4) of NoV have attracted great attention from researchers 
      worldwide. However, novel variants of GII.17 have been overtaking those pandemic 
      variants in some areas of East Asia. To investigate the environmental occurrence 
      of GII in South Korea, we collected water samples from coastal streams and a 
      neighboring waste water treatment plant in North Jeolla province (in March, July, 
      and December of 2015). Based on capsid gene region C analysis, four different 
      genotypes (GII.4, GII.13, GII.17, and GII.21) were detected, with much higher 
      prevalence of GII.17 than of GII.4. Additional sequence analyses of the ORF1-ORF2 
      junction and ORF2 from the water samples revealed that the GII.17 sequences in 
      this study were closely related to the novel strains of GII.P17-GII.17, the main 
      causative variants of the 2014-2015 HNoV outbreak in China and Japan. In 
      addition, the GII.P21-GII.21 variants were identified in this study and they had 
      new amino acid sequence variations in the blockade epitopes of the P2 domain. 
      From these results, we present two important findings: 1) the novel 
      GII.P17-GII.17 variants appeared to be predominant in the study area, and 2) new 
      GII.21 variants have emerged in South Korea.
FAU - Koo, Eung Seo
AU  - Koo ES
AD  - Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic 
      of Korea.
FAU - Kim, Man Su
AU  - Kim MS
AD  - Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic 
      of Korea.
FAU - Choi, Yong Seon
AU  - Choi YS
AD  - Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic 
      of Korea.
FAU - Park, Kwon-Sam
AU  - Park KS
AD  - Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kunsan National University, Gunsan, 
      Republic of Korea.
FAU - Jeong, Yong Seok
AU  - Jeong YS
AD  - Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic 
      of Korea.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20170215
PL  - United States
TA  - PLoS One
JT  - PloS one
JID - 101285081
RN  - 0 (Capsid Proteins)
RN  - 0 (RNA, Viral)
RN  - 0 (Waste Water)
SB  - IM
MH  - Amino Acid Sequence
MH  - Caliciviridae Infections/epidemiology/virology
MH  - Capsid Proteins/genetics
MH  - Genotype
MH  - Humans
MH  - Molecular Sequence Data
MH  - Norovirus/classification/*genetics/isolation & purification
MH  - Phylogeny
MH  - RNA, Viral/chemistry/isolation & purification/metabolism
MH  - Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
MH  - Republic of Korea/epidemiology
MH  - Sequence Alignment
MH  - Sequence Analysis, DNA
MH  - Waste Disposal, Fluid
MH  - Wastewater/*virology
PMC - PMC5310787
COIS- Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
EDAT- 2017/02/16 06:00
MHDA- 2017/08/29 06:00
PMCR- 2017/02/15
CRDT- 2017/02/16 06:00
PHST- 2016/08/09 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2017/02/01 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2017/02/16 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2017/02/16 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2017/08/29 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2017/02/15 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - PONE-D-16-31856 [pii]
AID - 10.1371/journal.pone.0172237 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - PLoS One. 2017 Feb 15;12(2):e0172237. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172237. 
      eCollection 2017.