PMID- 28254532
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20170505
LR  - 20221207
IS  - 1879-2448 (Electronic)
IS  - 0043-1354 (Linking)
VI  - 115
DP  - 2017 May 15
TI  - Monitoring MDMA metabolites in urban wastewater as novel biomarkers of 
      consumption.
PG  - 1-8
LID - S0043-1354(17)30070-2 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.watres.2017.01.063 [doi]
AB  - Consumption of 3,4-methylendioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) has been always estimated 
      by measuring the parent substance through chemical analysis of wastewater. 
      However, this may result in an overestimation of the use if the substance is 
      directly disposed in sinks or toilets. Using specific urinary metabolites may 
      overcome this limitation. This study investigated for the first time the 
      suitability of a panel of MDMA metabolites as biomarkers of consumption, 
      considering the specific criteria recently proposed, i.e. being detectable and 
      stable in wastewater, being excreted in a known percentage in urine, and having 
      human excretion as the sole source. A new analytical method was developed and 
      validated for the extraction and analysis of MDMA and three of its main 
      metabolites in wastewater. 24-h composite raw wastewater samples from three 
      European cities were analysed and MDMA use was back-calculated. Results from 
      single MDMA loads, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine (HMMA) loads and from the 
      sum of MDMA, HMMA and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyamphetamine (HMA) loads were in line 
      with the well-known recreational use of this drug: consumption was higher during 
      the weekend in all cities. HMMA and HMA turned out to be suitable biomarkers of 
      consumption; however, concentrations measured in wastewater did not resemble the 
      expected pharmacokinetic profiles, quite likely due to the very limited 
      information available on excretion profiles. Different options were tested to 
      back-calculate MDMA use, including the sum of MDMA and its metabolites, to 
      balance the biases associated with each single substance. Nevertheless, 
      additional pharmacokinetic studies are urgently needed in order to get more 
      accurate excretion rates and, therefore, improve the estimates of MDMA use.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
FAU - Gonzalez-Marino, Iria
AU  - Gonzalez-Marino I
AD  - Department of Environmental Health Sciences, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche 
      Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy; Department of 
      Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute for Food 
      Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira 
      S/N, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. Electronic address: 
      iria.gonzalez@usc.es.
FAU - Zuccato, Ettore
AU  - Zuccato E
AD  - Department of Environmental Health Sciences, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche 
      Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy.
FAU - Santos, Miquel M
AU  - Santos MM
AD  - CIMAR/CIIMAR- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, 
      University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, 
      Portugal; FCUP - Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 
      Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
FAU - Castiglioni, Sara
AU  - Castiglioni S
AD  - Department of Environmental Health Sciences, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche 
      Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy. Electronic 
      address: sara.castiglioni@marionegri.it.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20170201
PL  - England
TA  - Water Res
JT  - Water research
JID - 0105072
RN  - 0 (Biomarkers)
RN  - 0 (Waste Water)
RN  - KE1SEN21RM (N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine)
SB  - IM
MH  - Biomarkers
MH  - Humans
MH  - *N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine
MH  - *Wastewater
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Biomarkers of consumption
OT  - Ecstasy
OT  - Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry
OT  - Sewage analysis
OT  - Wastewater-based epidemiology
EDAT- 2017/03/04 06:00
MHDA- 2017/05/06 06:00
CRDT- 2017/03/04 06:00
PHST- 2016/11/16 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2017/01/25 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2017/01/30 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2017/03/04 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2017/05/06 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2017/03/04 06:00 [entrez]
AID - S0043-1354(17)30070-2 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.watres.2017.01.063 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Water Res. 2017 May 15;115:1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.01.063. Epub 2017 Feb 
      1.