PMID- 28257937
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20180226
LR  - 20181001
IS  - 1873-507X (Electronic)
IS  - 0031-9384 (Linking)
VI  - 174
DP  - 2017 May 15
TI  - The effect of carbohydrate and protein co-ingestion on energy substrate 
      metabolism, sense of effort, and affective responses during prolonged strenuous 
      endurance exercise.
PG  - 170-177
LID - S0031-9384(16)30765-X [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.02.035 [doi]
AB  - This study examined the effect of carbohydrate (CHO) and protein (PRO) 
      co-ingestion on energy substrate metabolism, sense of effort, and affective 
      responses during prolonged strenuous endurance exercise. In a four-stage 
      randomized cross-over design, 10 male endurance runners (age: 27.3+/-1.4yrs; 
      height: 172.9+/-1.1cm, weight: 63.5+/-1.6kg; body fat: 9.0+/-1.4%; V̇O(2max): 
      62.9+/-1.8ml/kg/min) ran on a treadmill at 70% of their individual V̇O(2max) for 
      90min. There were two CHO and PRO treatments (CA: CHO+alpha-lactalbumin and CW: 
      CHO+whey PRO isolate), one CHO treatment (CC: CHO+CHO), and a placebo control 
      (CON). On each occasion, subjects consumed 5ml/kg according to their body weight 
      (kg) immediately before and 2ml/kg every 15min during exercise. Blood samples 
      were collected at 0min, 30min, 60min and 90min of exercise to measure glucose, 
      lactate, insulin, and cortisol levels. The extent of physical sensation 
      (abdominal discomfort, leg muscle pain), the sense of effort (rating of perceive 
      exertion, RPE), and affective responses (pleasure-displeasure, arousal) were 
      evaluated by numeric scales before, during, and immediately after exercise. Blood 
      glucose and insulin concentrations in the CA, CW, and CC treatments were higher 
      than in the CON at 90min (P<0.05). Muscle pain (evaluated by a single item, 0 to 
      10 pain intensity scale from "no pain at all" to "extremely unbearable") was 
      lower following CA ingestion than CON and CW ingestion, at 75min (vs. CON and CW, 
      1.95+/-0.61 vs. 3.70+/-1.00 and 3.60+/-1.02, P<0.05) and 90min (vs. CON & CW: 2.40+/-0.76 
      vs. 4.20+/-0.99 and 4.05+/-1.1, P<0.05). RPE (evaluated by a 15-point, 6 to 20 rating 
      scale ranging from "very, very light" to "very, very hard") following treatment 
      with CA was lower than with CON and CW at 90min (vs. CON and CW: 11.30+/-1.14 vs. 
      14.20+/-1.30 and 13.30+/-1.24, P<0.05). Compared with CON and CW, CA enhanced the 
      feeling of pleasure (evaluated by feeling scale from -5, "very bad" to +5, "very 
      good") at 90min (vs. CON and CW, 2.20+/-0.67 vs. -0.30+/-0.94 and 0.20+/-0.91, P<0.05). 
      Co-ingestion of CHO and alpha-lactalbumin protein attenuates muscle pain, and 
      therefore alleviates the sense of effort and enhances affective responses during 
      90min of strenuous running at 70% V̇O(2max.)
CI  - Copyright (c) 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
FAU - Qin, L
AU  - Qin L
AD  - Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of 
      Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong.
FAU - Wong, S H
AU  - Wong SH
AD  - Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of 
      Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong. Electronic address: hsswong@cuhk.edu.hk.
FAU - Sun, F-H
AU  - Sun FH
AD  - Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong 
      Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong.
FAU - Huang, Y
AU  - Huang Y
AD  - School of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Vascular Medicine, The Chinese 
      University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.
FAU - Sheridan, S
AU  - Sheridan S
AD  - Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of 
      Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong.
FAU - Sit, C H P
AU  - Sit CHP
AD  - Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of 
      Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20170228
PL  - United States
TA  - Physiol Behav
JT  - Physiology & behavior
JID - 0151504
RN  - 0 (Blood Glucose)
RN  - 0 (Carbohydrates)
RN  - 0 (Insulin)
RN  - 0 (Proteins)
RN  - 33X04XA5AT (Lactic Acid)
RN  - WI4X0X7BPJ (Hydrocortisone)
SB  - IM
MH  - Abdominal Pain/etiology
MH  - Adolescent
MH  - Adult
MH  - Affect/*drug effects
MH  - Blood Glucose/drug effects
MH  - Carbohydrates/*pharmacology
MH  - Energy Metabolism/*drug effects
MH  - Healthy Volunteers
MH  - Humans
MH  - Hydrocortisone/blood
MH  - Insulin/blood
MH  - Lactic Acid/blood
MH  - Male
MH  - Myalgia/etiology
MH  - Oxygen Consumption/*drug effects
MH  - Physical Endurance/drug effects/*physiology
MH  - Proteins/*pharmacology
MH  - Time Factors
MH  - Young Adult
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Metabolism
OT  - Nutrition
OT  - Perceived exertion
OT  - Pleasure-displeasure
OT  - Running
EDAT- 2017/03/05 06:00
MHDA- 2018/02/27 06:00
CRDT- 2017/03/05 06:00
PHST- 2016/09/01 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2017/02/21 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2017/02/24 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2017/03/05 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2018/02/27 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2017/03/05 06:00 [entrez]
AID - S0031-9384(16)30765-X [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.02.035 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Physiol Behav. 2017 May 15;174:170-177. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.02.035. Epub 
      2017 Feb 28.