PMID- 28280510
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20240324
IS  - 1687-8760 (Print)
IS  - 1687-8779 (Electronic)
IS  - 1687-8760 (Linking)
VI  - 2017
DP  - 2017
TI  - Determination of Levels of Organochlorine, Organophosphorus, and Pyrethroid 
      Pesticide Residues in Vegetables from Markets in Dar es Salaam by GC-MS.
PG  - 4676724
LID - 10.1155/2017/4676724 [doi]
LID - 4676724
AB  - This study investigated the levels of pesticides and metabolites in vegetables 
      from major markets in Dar es Salaam city, Tanzania. Samples of fresh cabbage, 
      spinach, and onions from the markets were analysed for pesticide residues. 
      Extraction was performed using acetone followed by dichloromethane : cyclohexane 
      mixture and the extracts were cleaned up using Florisil. The compounds were 
      determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Pesticides and 
      metabolites were detected in 72.2% of the samples. The detected pesticide 
      residues and their highest mean concentrations were p,p'-DDT 4.00 x 10(-3) mg/kg, 
      p,p'-DDD 6.40 x 10(-1) mg/kg, o,p'-DDD 1.00 x 10(-2) mg/kg, alpha-endosulfan 6.00 x 
      10(-1) mg/kg, beta-endosulfan 2.10 x 10(-1) mg/kg, chlorpyrifos 3.00 mg/kg, and 
      cypermethrin 4.00 x 10(-2) mg/kg. The most frequently detected compounds were 
      p,p'-DDD and chlorpyrifos. The order of contamination was spinach > cabbage > 
      onions. Generally, there were no significant variations in concentrations of 
      pesticide residues among samples and sampling sites, which indicated similarities 
      in contamination patterns. The concentrations of contaminants were above the 
      maximum residue limits (MRLs) in 33.3-50% of the samples. The findings indicated 
      risks and concerns for public health.
FAU - Mahugija, John A M
AU  - Mahugija JA
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-0937-6253
AD  - Chemistry Department, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35061, Dar es Salaam, 
      Tanzania.
FAU - Khamis, Farhat A
AU  - Khamis FA
AD  - Chief Government Chemist Laboratory Agency, Zanzibar, Tanzania.
FAU - Lugwisha, Esther H J
AU  - Lugwisha EH
AD  - Chemistry Department, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35061, Dar es Salaam, 
      Tanzania.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20170209
PL  - Egypt
TA  - Int J Anal Chem
JT  - International journal of analytical chemistry
JID - 101519424
PMC - PMC5322415
COIS- The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the 
      publication of this paper.
EDAT- 2017/03/11 06:00
MHDA- 2017/03/11 06:01
PMCR- 2017/02/09
CRDT- 2017/03/11 06:00
PHST- 2016/07/06 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2016/12/02 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2017/01/15 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2017/03/11 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2017/03/11 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2017/03/11 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2017/02/09 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.1155/2017/4676724 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Int J Anal Chem. 2017;2017:4676724. doi: 10.1155/2017/4676724. Epub 2017 Feb 9.