PMID- 28295787
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20180514
LR  - 20221207
IS  - 1465-3362 (Electronic)
IS  - 0959-5236 (Linking)
VI  - 36
IP  - 5
DP  - 2017 Sep
TI  - An exploratory wastewater analysis study of drug use in Auckland, New Zealand.
PG  - 597-601
LID - 10.1111/dar.12509 [doi]
AB  - INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: New Zealand is considered to have unusual drug use 
      patterns by international standards. However, this understanding has largely been 
      obtained from social surveys where respondents self-report use. The aim of this 
      paper is to conduct the first wastewater study of drug use in Auckland. DESIGN 
      AND METHODS: Wastewater sampling was completed from 2 May to 18 July 2014 at 2 
      Auckland wastewater treatment plants which service 1.3 million people. Samples 
      were analysed for 17 drug residues by using liquid chromatography-tandem mass 
      spectrometry. Consumption of methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine 
      (MDMA), cocaine, codeine and methadone (mg/day/1000 people) was estimated by 
      using a back-calculation formula. RESULTS: Methamphetamine, codeine, morphine and 
      methadone were detected with high frequency (80-100%), followed by amphetamine 
      (~60%), MDMA (~7%, i.e. 8 occasions) and methylone (3 occasions). An overall mean 
      of 360 mg of methamphetamine and 60 mg of MDMA was estimated to have been 
      consumed per day per 1000 people. Methamphetamine consumption was found at 
      similar levels in both catchments (377 and 351 mg/day/1000 people). Cocaine was 
      only detected in 1 catchment and on only 8 occasions. JWH-018 was detected in 1 
      catchment and only on 1 occasion. Methamphetamine, codeine and other opioids were 
      detected at a consistent level throughout the week. 
      3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine and methylone were detected only during the 
      weekends. CONCLUSIONS: Wastewater analysis confirms that methamphetamine was one 
      of the most commonly detected illegal drugs in Auckland and was detected 
      consistently throughout the week. In contrast, cocaine and MDMA were rarely 
      detected, with detection limited to weekends. [Lai FY, Wilkins C, Thai P, Mueller 
      JF. An exploratory wastewater analysis study of drug use in Auckland, New 
      Zealand. Drug Alcohol Rev 2017;00:000-000].
CI  - (c) 2017 Australasian Professional Society on Alcohol and other Drugs.
FAU - Lai, Foon Yin
AU  - Lai FY
AD  - National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, The University of 
      Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
AD  - Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of 
      Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
FAU - Wilkins, Chris
AU  - Wilkins C
AD  - SHORE and Whariki Research Centre, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand.
FAU - Thai, Phong
AU  - Thai P
AD  - National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, The University of 
      Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
AD  - International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of 
      Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
FAU - Mueller, Jochen F
AU  - Mueller JF
AD  - National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, The University of 
      Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20170312
PL  - Australia
TA  - Drug Alcohol Rev
JT  - Drug and alcohol review
JID - 9015440
RN  - 0 (Psychotropic Drugs)
RN  - 0 (Waste Water)
SB  - IM
MH  - Humans
MH  - New Zealand
MH  - Psychotropic Drugs/*analysis
MH  - Substance Abuse Detection/*methods
MH  - Wastewater/*chemistry
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - MDMA
OT  - New Zealand
OT  - drug detection
OT  - methamphetamine
OT  - wastewater analysis
EDAT- 2017/03/16 06:00
MHDA- 2018/05/15 06:00
CRDT- 2017/03/16 06:00
PHST- 2016/05/20 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2016/09/21 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2016/10/05 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2017/03/16 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2018/05/15 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2017/03/16 06:00 [entrez]
AID - 10.1111/dar.12509 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Drug Alcohol Rev. 2017 Sep;36(5):597-601. doi: 10.1111/dar.12509. Epub 2017 Mar 
      12.