PMID- 28320639 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE DCOM- 20171127 LR - 20231112 IS - 1618-131X (Electronic) IS - 1438-4639 (Print) IS - 1438-4639 (Linking) VI - 220 IP - 4 DP - 2017 Jun TI - Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and volatile organic compounds among recently pregnant rural Guatemalan women cooking and heating with solid fuels. PG - 726-735 LID - S1438-4639(16)30576-4 [pii] LID - 10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.03.002 [doi] AB - BACKGROUND: Household air pollution is a major contributor to death and disability worldwide. Over 95% of rural Guatemalan households use woodstoves for cooking or heating. Woodsmoke contains carcinogenic or fetotoxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Increased PAHs and VOCs have been shown to increase levels of oxidative stress. OBJECTIVE: We examined PAH and VOC exposures among recently pregnant rural Guatemalan women exposed to woodsmoke and compared exposures to levels seen occupationally or among smokers. METHODS: Urine was collected from 23 women who were 3 months post-partum three times over 72h: morning (fasting), after lunch, and following dinner or use of wood-fired traditional sauna baths (samples=68). Creatinine-adjusted urinary concentrations of metabolites of four PAHs and eight VOCs were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Creatinine-adjusted urinary biomarkers of oxidative stress, 8-isoprostane and 8-OHdG, were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Long-term (pregnancy through 3 months prenatal) exposure to particulate matter and airborne PAHs were measured. RESULTS: Women using wood-fueled chimney stoves are exposed to high levels of particulate matter (median 48h PM(2.5) 105.7mug/m(3); inter-quartile range (IQR): 77.6-130.4). Urinary PAH and VOC metabolites were significantly associated with woodsmoke exposures: 2-naphthol (median (IQR) in ng/mg creatinine: 295.9 (74.4-430.9) after sauna versus 23.9 (17.1-49.5) fasting; and acrolein: 571.7 (429.3-1040.7) after sauna versus 268.0 (178.3-398.6) fasting. Urinary PAH (total PAH: rho=0.89, p<0.001) and VOC metabolites of benzene (rho=0.80, p<0.001) and acrylonitrile (rho=0.59, p<0.05) were strongly correlated with long-term exposure to particulate matter. However urinary biomarkers of oxidative stress were not correlated with particulate matter (rho=0.01 to 0.05, p>0.85) or PAH and VOC biomarkers (rho=-0.20 to 0.38, p>0.07). Urinary metabolite concentrations were significantly greater than those of heavy smokers (mean cigarettes/day=18) across all PAHs. In 15 (65%) women, maximum 1-hydroxypyrene concentrations exceeded the occupational exposure limit of coke-oven workers. CONCLUSIONS: The high concentrations of urinary PAH and VOC metabolites among recently pregnant women is alarming given the detrimental fetal and neonatal effects of prenatal PAH exposure. As most women used chimney woodstoves, cleaner fuels are critically needed to reduce smoke exposure. CI - Copyright (c) 2017 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved. FAU - Weinstein, John R AU - Weinstein JR AD - School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, 2 Koret Way, Box 0606, CA 94143-0606, USA. FAU - Asteria-Penaloza, Renee AU - Asteria-Penaloza R AD - School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, 2 Koret Way, Box 0606, CA 94143-0606, USA. FAU - Diaz-Artiga, Anaite AU - Diaz-Artiga A AD - Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle, Guatemala City, Guatemala. FAU - Davila, Gilberto AU - Davila G AD - Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle, Guatemala City, Guatemala. FAU - Hammond, S Katharine AU - Hammond SK AD - Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA. FAU - Ryde, Ian T AU - Ryde IT AD - Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. FAU - Meyer, Joel N AU - Meyer JN AD - Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. FAU - Benowitz, Neal AU - Benowitz N AD - Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. FAU - Thompson, Lisa M AU - Thompson LM AD - School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, 2 Koret Way, Box 0606, CA 94143-0606, USA. Electronic address: lisa.thompson@ucsf.edu. LA - eng GR - KL2 RR024130/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States GR - P30 DA012393/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States GR - R21 ES025032/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States GR - S10 RR026437/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States PT - Journal Article PT - Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural DEP - 20170310 PL - Germany TA - Int J Hyg Environ Health JT - International journal of hygiene and environmental health JID - 100898843 RN - 0 (Air Pollutants) RN - 0 (Particulate Matter) RN - 0 (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons) RN - 0 (Pyrenes) RN - 0 (Smoke) RN - 0 (Volatile Organic Compounds) RN - N2H6O5V707 (1-hydroxypyrene) SB - IM MH - Adult MH - Air Pollutants/analysis/*urine MH - Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis MH - Cooking MH - Environmental Monitoring MH - Female MH - Guatemala MH - Heating MH - Humans MH - Particulate Matter/analysis MH - Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons/analysis/*urine MH - Pregnancy MH - Pyrenes/urine MH - Rural Population MH - Smoke MH - Volatile Organic Compounds/*urine MH - Wood MH - Young Adult PMC - PMC5474125 MID - NIHMS861315 OTO - NOTNLM OT - Household air pollution OT - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons OT - Solid fuel use OT - Urinary biomarkers OT - Volatile organic compounds COIS- Competing interests: We declare that we have no financial or non-financial competing interests related to the study. EDAT- 2017/03/23 06:00 MHDA- 2017/11/29 06:00 PMCR- 2018/06/01 CRDT- 2017/03/22 06:00 PHST- 2016/12/03 00:00 [received] PHST- 2017/03/03 00:00 [revised] PHST- 2017/03/05 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2017/03/23 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2017/11/29 06:00 [medline] PHST- 2017/03/22 06:00 [entrez] PHST- 2018/06/01 00:00 [pmc-release] AID - S1438-4639(16)30576-4 [pii] AID - 10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.03.002 [doi] PST - ppublish SO - Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2017 Jun;220(4):726-735. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.03.002. Epub 2017 Mar 10.