PMID- 28456051
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20180730
LR  - 20181202
IS  - 1879-1026 (Electronic)
IS  - 0048-9697 (Linking)
VI  - 596-597
DP  - 2017 Oct 15
TI  - Determinants of single family residential water use across scales in four western 
      US cities.
PG  - 451-464
LID - S0048-9697(17)30686-1 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.164 [doi]
AB  - A growing body of literature examines urban water sustainability with increasing 
      evidence that locally-based physical and social spatial interactions contribute 
      to water use. These studies however are based on single-city analysis and often 
      fail to consider whether these interactions occur more generally. We examine a 
      multi-city comparison using a common set of spatially-explicit water, 
      socioeconomic, and biophysical data. We investigate the relative importance of 
      variables for explaining the variations of single family residential (SFR) water 
      uses at Census Block Group (CBG) and Census Tract (CT) scales in four 
      representative western US cities - Austin, Phoenix, Portland, and Salt Lake City, 
      - which cover a wide range of climate and development density. We used both 
      ordinary least squares regression and spatial error regression models to identify 
      the influence of spatial dependence on water use patterns. Our results show that 
      older downtown areas show lower water use than newer suburban areas in all four 
      cities. Tax assessed value and building age are the main determinants of SFR 
      water use across the four cities regardless of the scale. Impervious surface area 
      becomes an important variable for summer water use in all cities, and it is 
      important in all seasons for arid environments such as Phoenix. CT level analysis 
      shows better model predictability than CBG analysis. In all cities, seasons, and 
      spatial scales, spatial error regression models better explain the variations of 
      SFR water use. Such a spatially-varying relationship of urban water consumption 
      provides additional evidence for the need to integrate urban land use planning 
      and municipal water planning.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
FAU - Chang, Heejun
AU  - Chang H
AD  - Department of Geography, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97201, United 
      States. Electronic address: changh@pdx.edu.
FAU - Bonnette, Matthew Ryan
AU  - Bonnette MR
AD  - Department of Geography, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97201, United 
      States.
FAU - Stoker, Philip
AU  - Stoker P
AD  - Department of Planning, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States.
FAU - Crow-Miller, Britt
AU  - Crow-Miller B
AD  - School for the Future of Innovation in Society, Arizona State University, Tempe, 
      AZ 85287 United States.
FAU - Wentz, Elizabeth
AU  - Wentz E
AD  - School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, 
      Tempe, AZ 85287, United States.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20170426
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Sci Total Environ
JT  - The Science of the total environment
JID - 0330500
RN  - 059QF0KO0R (Water)
SB  - IM
MH  - *Cities
MH  - City Planning
MH  - Climate
MH  - Lakes
MH  - Seasons
MH  - Spatial Analysis
MH  - United States
MH  - Water
MH  - *Water Supply
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Single family residential water use
OT  - Spatial planning
OT  - Spatial regression
OT  - Urban water use
OT  - Western US
EDAT- 2017/04/30 06:00
MHDA- 2018/07/31 06:00
CRDT- 2017/04/30 06:00
PHST- 2017/01/06 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2017/03/16 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2017/03/18 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2017/04/30 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2018/07/31 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2017/04/30 06:00 [entrez]
AID - S0048-9697(17)30686-1 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.164 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Sci Total Environ. 2017 Oct 15;596-597:451-464. doi: 
      10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.164. Epub 2017 Apr 26.