PMID- 28542724
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20180220
LR  - 20220331
IS  - 1600-0404 (Electronic)
IS  - 0001-6314 (Print)
IS  - 0001-6314 (Linking)
VI  - 136
IP  - 6
DP  - 2017 Dec
TI  - Viruses and endogenous retroviruses in multiple sclerosis: From correlation to 
      causation.
PG  - 606-616
LID - 10.1111/ane.12775 [doi]
AB  - Multiple sclerosis is an immune-mediated disease with an environmental component. 
      According to a long-standing but unproven hypothesis dating to initial 
      descriptions of multiple sclerosis (MS) at the end of the 19th century, viruses 
      are either directly or indirectly implicated in MS pathogenesis. Whether viruses 
      in MS are principally causal or simply contributory remains to be proven, but 
      many viruses or viral elements-predominantly Epstein-Barr virus, human endogenous 
      retroviruses (HERVs) and human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) but also less common viruses 
      such as Saffold and measles viruses-are associated with MS. Here, we present an 
      up-to-date and comprehensive review of the main candidate viruses implicated in 
      MS pathogenesis and summarize how these viruses might cause or lead to the 
      hallmark demyelinating and inflammatory lesions of MS. We review data from 
      epidemiological, animal and in vitro studies and in doing so offer a 
      transdisciplinary approach to the topic. We argue that it is crucially important 
      not to interpret "absence of evidence" as "evidence of absence" and that future 
      studies need to focus on distinguishing correlative from causative associations. 
      Progress in the MS-virus field is expected to arise from an increasing body of 
      knowledge on the interplay between viruses and HERVs in MS. Such interactions 
      suggest common HERV-mediated pathways downstream of viral infection that cause 
      both neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. We also comment on the limitations 
      of existing studies and provide future research directions for the field.
CI  - (c) 2017 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
FAU - Mentis, A-F A
AU  - Mentis AA
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-1480-390X
AD  - Department of Microbiology, University Hospital of Larissa, University of 
      Thessaly, Larissa, Greece.
AD  - The Johns Hopkins University, AAP, Baltimore, MD, USA.
FAU - Dardiotis, E
AU  - Dardiotis E
AD  - Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa, University of Thessaly, 
      Larissa, Greece.
FAU - Grigoriadis, N
AU  - Grigoriadis N
AD  - Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, B' Department of 
      Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 
      Thessaloniki, Greece.
FAU - Petinaki, E
AU  - Petinaki E
AD  - Department of Microbiology, University Hospital of Larissa, University of 
      Thessaly, Larissa, Greece.
FAU - Hadjigeorgiou, G M
AU  - Hadjigeorgiou GM
AD  - Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa, University of Thessaly, 
      Larissa, Greece.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20170523
PL  - Denmark
TA  - Acta Neurol Scand
JT  - Acta neurologica Scandinavica
JID - 0370336
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Endogenous Retroviruses
MH  - Humans
MH  - Multiple Sclerosis/*virology
MH  - Virus Diseases/complications
PMC - PMC7159535
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Epstein-Barr virus
OT  - human endogenous retroviruses
OT  - human herpesvirus 6
OT  - multiple sclerosis
OT  - viruses
COIS- No financial conflict of interest exists.
EDAT- 2017/05/26 06:00
MHDA- 2018/02/21 06:00
PMCR- 2020/04/15
CRDT- 2017/05/26 06:00
PHST- 2017/05/02 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2017/05/26 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2018/02/21 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2017/05/26 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2020/04/15 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - ANE12775 [pii]
AID - 10.1111/ane.12775 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Acta Neurol Scand. 2017 Dec;136(6):606-616. doi: 10.1111/ane.12775. Epub 2017 May 
      23.