PMID- 28548694
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20171103
LR  - 20171103
IS  - 1551-3793 (Electronic)
IS  - 1551-3777 (Linking)
VI  - 13
IP  - 6
DP  - 2017 Nov
TI  - Towards a proportionality assessment of risk reduction measures aimed at 
      restricting the use of persistent and bioaccumulative substances.
PG  - 1100-1112
LID - 10.1002/ieam.1949 [doi]
AB  - International chemicals legislation aims at adequately controlling persistent 
      organic pollutants (POPs) and substances of very high concern (SVHCs), such as 
      persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT) and very persistent and very 
      bioaccumulative (vPvB) substances, with a view to progressively substitute these 
      substances with suitable less-hazardous alternatives. Using cost-effectiveness 
      analysis (CEA) to assess the (dis)proportionality of measures to control such 
      substances (collectively called "PBT" in the present paper) requires benchmarks. 
      The present paper provides building blocks for possible benchmarks by looking at 
      the cost-effectiveness estimates for regulatory measures that have been applied 
      or considered for various PBT substances. These cost-effectiveness estimates vary 
      widely, and the main factors possibly explaining this variation are discussed. 
      The available cost estimates currently do not allow deriving a value for 
      society's willingness to pay to reduce PBT presence, use, and emissions because 
      decisions referring explicitly to these estimates are scarce. Roughly speaking, 
      the available evidence suggests that measures costing less than euro1000 per 
      kilogram PBT use or emission reduction will usually not be rejected for reasons 
      of disproportionate costs, whereas for measures with costs above euro50 000 per 
      kilogram PBT such a rejection is likely. More research is needed to strengthen 
      the evidence base and further elaborate a systematic approach toward 
      proportionality benchmarking. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:1100-1112. (c) 
      2017 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by 
      Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & 
      Chemistry (SETAC).
CI  - (c) 2017 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management Published 
      by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & 
      Chemistry (SETAC).
FAU - Oosterhuis, Frans
AU  - Oosterhuis F
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-6410-2426
AD  - Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the 
      Netherlands.
FAU - Brouwer, Roy
AU  - Brouwer R
AD  - The Water Institute and Department of Economics, University of Waterloo, Canada.
FAU - Janssen, Martien
AU  - Janssen M
AD  - National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the 
      Netherlands.
FAU - Verhoeven, Julia
AU  - Verhoeven J
AD  - National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the 
      Netherlands.
FAU - Luttikhuizen, Cees
AU  - Luttikhuizen C
AD  - Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment, The Hague, the Netherlands.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20170624
PL  - United States
TA  - Integr Environ Assess Manag
JT  - Integrated environmental assessment and management
JID - 101234521
RN  - 0 (Environmental Pollutants)
RN  - 0 (Hazardous Substances)
SB  - IM
MH  - Ecotoxicology
MH  - Environmental Exposure/legislation & jurisprudence/*statistics & numerical data
MH  - Environmental Monitoring
MH  - *Environmental Policy
MH  - Environmental Pollutants/analysis/*metabolism/standards
MH  - Environmental Pollution/*legislation & jurisprudence/statistics & numerical data
MH  - Hazardous Substances
MH  - Risk Assessment
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - PBT and vPvB substances
OT  - POPs
OT  - Proportionality assessment
OT  - REACH
EDAT- 2017/05/27 06:00
MHDA- 2017/11/04 06:00
CRDT- 2017/05/27 06:00
PHST- 2016/04/20 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2016/08/31 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2017/05/16 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2017/05/27 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2017/11/04 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2017/05/27 06:00 [entrez]
AID - 10.1002/ieam.1949 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Integr Environ Assess Manag. 2017 Nov;13(6):1100-1112. doi: 10.1002/ieam.1949. 
      Epub 2017 Jun 24.