PMID- 28568935
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20191120
IS  - 1558-5646 (Electronic)
IS  - 0014-3820 (Linking)
VI  - 50
IP  - 2
DP  - 1996 Apr
TI  - SHELL MICROSTRUCTURE OF GASTROPODS FROM LAKE TANGANYIKA, AFRICA: ADAPTATION, 
      CONVERGENT EVOLUTION, AND ESCALATION.
PG  - 672-681
LID - 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1996.tb03877.x [doi]
AB  - Gastropod shells from Lake Tanganyika, with their heavy calcification, coarse 
      noded ribbing, spines, apertural lip thickening and repair scars, resemble marine 
      shells more closely than they resemble other lacustrine shells. This convergence 
      between Tanganyikan and marine gastropod shells, however, is not just 
      superficial. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) studies reveal that the 
      Tanganyikan shells are primarily layers of crossed-lamellar crystal architecture 
      (that is, needle-like aragonite crystals arranged into laths that are packed into 
      sheets such that the aragonite needles of adjacent laths are never parallel). The 
      number of crossed-lamellar layers can vary from one to four between different 
      Tanganyikan gastropod species. In species with two or more crossed-lamellar 
      layers, the orientation of the lamellae is offset by approximately 90 degrees  between 
      the different layers. The number of crossed-lamellar layers in the shell wall is 
      positively correlated with shell strength and with predation resistance. Three 
      and four crossed-lamellar layers in the shell wall evolved several times 
      independently within the endemic thiarid gastropod radiation in Lake Tanganyika. 
      Repeated origins of three and four crossed-lamellar layers suggest that they may 
      be specific adaptations by Tanganyikan gastropods to strengthen their shells as a 
      defense against shell-crushing predators.
CI  - (c) 1996 The Society for the Study of Evolution.
FAU - West, Kelly
AU  - West K
AD  - Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, 
      California, 90095-1567.
FAU - Cohen, Andrew
AU  - Cohen A
AD  - Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721-0077.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PL  - United States
TA  - Evolution
JT  - Evolution; international journal of organic evolution
JID - 0373224
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Adaptation
OT  - Lake Tanganyika
OT  - escalation
OT  - predation resistance
OT  - shell microstructure
OT  - shell strength
OT  - thiarid gastropods
EDAT- 1996/04/01 00:00
MHDA- 1996/04/01 00:01
CRDT- 2017/06/02 06:00
PHST- 1994/09/16 00:00 [received]
PHST- 1994/10/28 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2017/06/02 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 1996/04/01 00:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 1996/04/01 00:01 [medline]
AID - 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1996.tb03877.x [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Evolution. 1996 Apr;50(2):672-681. doi: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1996.tb03877.x.