PMID- 28681245
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20181010
LR  - 20220408
IS  - 1438-2199 (Electronic)
IS  - 0939-4451 (Linking)
VI  - 49
IP  - 9
DP  - 2017 Sep
TI  - An overview on D-amino acids.
PG  - 1521-1533
LID - 10.1007/s00726-017-2459-5 [doi]
AB  - More than half a century ago researchers thought that D-amino acids had a minor 
      function compared to L-enantiomers in biological processes. Many evidences have 
      shown that D-amino acids are present in high concentration in microorganisms, 
      plants, mammals and humans and fulfil specific biological functions. In the brain 
      of mammals, D-serine (D-Ser) acts as a co-agonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate 
      (NMDA)-type glutamate receptors, responsible for learning, memory and behaviour. 
      D-Ser metabolism is relevant for disorders associated with an altered function of 
      the NMDA receptor, such as schizophrenia, ischemia, epilepsy and 
      neurodegenerative disorders. On the other hand, D-aspartate (D-Asp) is one of the 
      major regulators of adult neurogenesis and plays an important role in the 
      development of endocrine function. D-Asp is present in the neuroendocrine and 
      endocrine tissues and testes, and regulates the synthesis and secretion of 
      hormones and spermatogenesis. Also food proteins contain D-amino acids that are 
      naturally originated or processing-induced under conditions such as high 
      temperatures, acid and alkali treatments and fermentation processes. The presence 
      of D-amino acids in dairy products denotes thermal and alkaline treatments and 
      microbial contamination. Two enzymes are involved in the metabolism of D-amino 
      acids: amino acid racemase in the synthesis and D-amino acid oxidase in the 
      degradation.
FAU - Genchi, Giuseppe
AU  - Genchi G
AD  - Dipartimento di Farmacia e Scienze della Salute e della Nutrizione, Universita 
      della Calabria (UNICAL), Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, 87036, Italy. 
      giuseppe.genchi@unical.it.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PT  - Review
DEP - 20170705
PL  - Austria
TA  - Amino Acids
JT  - Amino acids
JID - 9200312
RN  - 0 (Amphibian Venoms)
RN  - 0 (Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides)
RN  - 0 (Schiff Bases)
RN  - 367-47-5 (Glyceraldehyde)
RN  - 452VLY9402 (Serine)
RN  - 4SR0Q8YD1X (D-Aspartic Acid)
RN  - 5V5IOJ8338 (Pyridoxal Phosphate)
RN  - EC 1.4.3.3 (D-Amino-Acid Oxidase)
RN  - EC 5.1.1.- (Amino Acid Isomerases)
SB  - IM
MH  - Amino Acid Isomerases/*chemistry/metabolism
MH  - Amphibian Venoms/chemistry
MH  - Animals
MH  - Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides/biosynthesis/chemistry
MH  - Bacteria/chemistry/metabolism
MH  - D-Amino-Acid Oxidase/*chemistry/metabolism
MH  - D-Aspartic Acid/*chemistry/metabolism
MH  - Diet
MH  - Glyceraldehyde/chemistry/metabolism
MH  - Humans
MH  - Plants/chemistry/metabolism
MH  - Pyridoxal Phosphate/chemistry/metabolism
MH  - Schiff Bases/chemistry/metabolism
MH  - Serine/*chemistry/metabolism
MH  - Stereoisomerism
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Amino acid racemase
OT  - D-Asp
OT  - D-Ser
OT  - D-amino acid
OT  - D-amino acid oxidase
EDAT- 2017/07/07 06:00
MHDA- 2018/10/12 06:00
CRDT- 2017/07/07 06:00
PHST- 2017/04/19 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2017/06/26 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2017/07/07 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2018/10/12 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2017/07/07 06:00 [entrez]
AID - 10.1007/s00726-017-2459-5 [pii]
AID - 10.1007/s00726-017-2459-5 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Amino Acids. 2017 Sep;49(9):1521-1533. doi: 10.1007/s00726-017-2459-5. Epub 2017 
      Jul 5.