PMID- 28851034
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20181211
LR  - 20181211
IS  - 1942-7611 (Electronic)
IS  - 1942-7603 (Linking)
VI  - 10
IP  - 1
DP  - 2018 Jan
TI  - MDA, MDMA, and other "mescaline-like" substances in the US military's search for 
      a truth drug (1940s to 1960s).
PG  - 72-80
LID - 10.1002/dta.2292 [doi]
AB  - This article describes the context in which 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 
      3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and other mescaline-like compounds were 
      explored as hallucinogens for military and intelligence purposes from the 1940s 
      to the 1960s. Germans first tested mescaline as a "truth drug" in a military 
      context. In the 1940s, the United States military started testing hallucinogenic 
      substances as truth drugs for interrogation and behavior manipulation. After 
      tests carried out using mescaline and other drugs in 1950, some derivatives of 
      mescaline were synthesized by the Army for the exploration of possible 
      "speech-inducing" effects. After insufficient animal testing, the substances were 
      given to patients at the New York State Psychiatric Institute (NYSPI). 
      3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine (MDE), a compound almost identical to MDMA, 
      was among the compounds delivered for testing at the NYSPI. During tests with 
      other derivatives (3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine (DMA), 
      3,4-methylenedioxyphenethylamine (MDPEA), MDA) in 1952-53, an unwitting patient 
      died in these tests, which was kept secret from the public. Research was 
      interrupted and toxicological animal testing procedures were initiated. The 
      secret animal studies run in 1953/1954 revealed that some of the "mescaline 
      derivatives" tested (e.g. MDA, MDE, DMA, 3,4,5-trimethoxyamphetamine (TMA), MDMA) 
      were considered for further testing in humans. In 1955, the military changed 
      focus to lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), but some interest in mescaline-like 
      compounds remained for their ability to change mood and habit without interfering 
      with cognition and sensory perception. Based on the known documents, it remains 
      unclear (but probable) whether any of the mescaline derivatives tested were being 
      used operationally.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
FAU - Passie, Torsten
AU  - Passie T
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-6143-0560
AD  - Senckenberg Institute of History and Ethics in Medicine, Goethe University 
      Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
FAU - Benzenhofer, Udo
AU  - Benzenhofer U
AD  - Senckenberg Institute of History and Ethics in Medicine, Goethe University 
      Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20171205
PL  - England
TA  - Drug Test Anal
JT  - Drug testing and analysis
JID - 101483449
RN  - 0 (Designer Drugs)
RN  - 0 (Hallucinogens)
RN  - 4764-17-4 (3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine)
RN  - KE1SEN21RM (N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine)
RN  - RHO99102VC (Mescaline)
SB  - IM
MH  - 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine/*administration & dosage
MH  - Animals
MH  - Designer Drugs/*administration & dosage/chemistry
MH  - Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods/trends
MH  - Hallucinogens/*administration & dosage/chemistry
MH  - Humans
MH  - Mescaline/*administration & dosage/chemistry
MH  - Military Personnel/*psychology
MH  - N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine/*administration & dosage/chemistry
MH  - United States
MH  - World War II
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - MK ULTRA
OT  - mescaline
OT  - methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA)
OT  - methylenedioxyethylamphtemaine (MDE)
OT  - methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy)
OT  - truth drugs
EDAT- 2017/08/30 06:00
MHDA- 2018/12/12 06:00
CRDT- 2017/08/30 06:00
PHST- 2017/06/12 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2017/08/08 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2017/08/08 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2017/08/30 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2018/12/12 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2017/08/30 06:00 [entrez]
AID - 10.1002/dta.2292 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Drug Test Anal. 2018 Jan;10(1):72-80. doi: 10.1002/dta.2292. Epub 2017 Dec 5.