PMID- 28852568
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20220316
IS  - 2055-5660 (Print)
IS  - 2055-5660 (Electronic)
IS  - 2055-5660 (Linking)
VI  - 3
DP  - 2017
TI  - Etiology of acute respiratory disease in fattening pigs in Finland.
PG  - 19
LID - 10.1186/s40813-017-0065-2 [doi]
LID - 19
AB  - BACKGROUND: The objective of our study was to clinically and etiologically 
      investigate acute outbreaks of respiratory disease in Finland. Our study also 
      aimed to evaluate the clinical use of various methods in diagnosing respiratory 
      infections under field conditions and to describe the antimicrobial resistance 
      profile of the main bacterial pathogen(s) found during the study. METHODS: A 
      total of 20 case herds having finishing pigs showing acute respiratory symptoms 
      and eight control herds showing no clinical signs suggesting of respiratory 
      problems were enrolled in the study. Researchers visited each herd twice, 
      examining and bleeding 20 pigs per herd. In addition, nasal swab samples were 
      taken from 20 pigs and three pigs per case herd were necropsied during the first 
      visit. Serology was used to detect Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP), swine 
      influenza virus (SIV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 
      (PRRSV), porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae 
      antibodies. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to investigate the presence 
      of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) in serum and SIV in the nasal and lung 
      samples. Pathology and bacteriology, including antimicrobial resistance 
      determination, were performed on lung samples obtained from the field necropsies. 
      RESULTS: According to the pathology and bacteriology of the lung samples, APP and 
      Ascaris suum were the main causes of respiratory outbreaks in 14 and three herds 
      respectively, while the clinical signs in three other herds had a miscellaneous 
      etiology. SIV, APP and PCV2 caused concurrent infections in certain herds but 
      they were detected serologically or with PCR also in control herds, suggesting 
      possible subclinical infections. APP was isolated from 16 (80%) case herds. 
      Marked resistance was observed against tetracycline for APP, some resistance was 
      detected against trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin and penicillin, and no 
      resistance against florfenicol, enrofloxacin, tulathromycin or tiamulin was 
      found. Serology, even from paired serum samples, gave inconclusive results for 
      acute APP infection diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: APP was the most common cause for 
      acute respiratory outbreaks in our study. SIV, A. suum, PCV2 and certain 
      opportunistic bacteria were also detected during the outbreaks; however, viral 
      pathogens appeared less important than bacteria. Necropsies supplemented with 
      microbiology were the most efficient diagnostic methods in characterizing the 
      studied outbreaks.
FAU - Haimi-Hakala, Minna
AU  - Haimi-Hakala M
AD  - Department of Production Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Paroninkuja 20, 
      04920 Saarentaus, Finland. ISNI: 0000 0004 0410 2071. GRID: grid.7737.4
FAU - Halli, Outi
AU  - Halli O
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-0134-7888
AD  - Department of Production Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Paroninkuja 20, 
      04920 Saarentaus, Finland. ISNI: 0000 0004 0410 2071. GRID: grid.7737.4
FAU - Laurila, Tapio
AU  - Laurila T
AD  - Department of Production Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Paroninkuja 20, 
      04920 Saarentaus, Finland. ISNI: 0000 0004 0410 2071. GRID: grid.7737.4
FAU - Raunio-Saarnisto, Mirja
AU  - Raunio-Saarnisto M
AD  - Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, PO Box 198, 60101 Seinajoki, Finland. ISNI: 
      0000 0000 9987 9641. GRID: grid.425556.5
FAU - Nokireki, Tiina
AU  - Nokireki T
AD  - Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Mustialankatu 3, 00790 Helsinki, Finland. 
      ISNI: 0000 0000 9987 9641. GRID: grid.425556.5
FAU - Laine, Taina
AU  - Laine T
AD  - Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Mustialankatu 3, 00790 Helsinki, Finland. 
      ISNI: 0000 0000 9987 9641. GRID: grid.425556.5
FAU - Nykasenoja, Suvi
AU  - Nykasenoja S
AD  - Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Mustialankatu 3, 00790 Helsinki, Finland. 
      ISNI: 0000 0000 9987 9641. GRID: grid.425556.5
FAU - Pelkola, Kirsti
AU  - Pelkola K
AD  - Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Mustialankatu 3, 00790 Helsinki, Finland. 
      ISNI: 0000 0000 9987 9641. GRID: grid.425556.5
FAU - Segales, Joaquim
AU  - Segales J
AD  - Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat 
      Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain. GRID: grid.7080.f
AD  - Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinaria, UAB, 08193 
      Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain. GRID: grid.7080.f
FAU - Sibila, Marina
AU  - Sibila M
AD  - Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat 
      Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain. GRID: grid.7080.f
FAU - Oliviero, Claudio
AU  - Oliviero C
AD  - Department of Production Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Paroninkuja 20, 
      04920 Saarentaus, Finland. ISNI: 0000 0004 0410 2071. GRID: grid.7737.4
FAU - Peltoniemi, Olli
AU  - Peltoniemi O
AD  - Department of Production Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Paroninkuja 20, 
      04920 Saarentaus, Finland. ISNI: 0000 0004 0410 2071. GRID: grid.7737.4
FAU - Pelkonen, Sinikka
AU  - Pelkonen S
AD  - Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Mustialankatu 3, 00790 Helsinki, Finland. 
      ISNI: 0000 0000 9987 9641. GRID: grid.425556.5
FAU - Heinonen, Mari
AU  - Heinonen M
AD  - Department of Production Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Paroninkuja 20, 
      04920 Saarentaus, Finland. ISNI: 0000 0004 0410 2071. GRID: grid.7737.4
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20170823
PL  - England
TA  - Porcine Health Manag
JT  - Porcine health management
JID - 101684126
PMC - PMC5568250
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Actinobacillosis
OT  - Acute
OT  - Ascaris
OT  - Necropsy
OT  - Outbreak
OT  - Pathogen
OT  - Pig
OT  - Respiratory
OT  - Swine influenza
COIS- ETHICS APPROVAL AND CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE: The experiment was approved by the 
      southern Finland regional state administrative agency (ESAVI/8511/04.10.07/2013). 
      CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION: Not applicable. COMPETING INTERESTS: The authors declare 
      that they have no competing interests. PUBLISHER'S NOTE: Springer Nature remains 
      neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional 
      affiliations.
EDAT- 2017/08/31 06:00
MHDA- 2017/08/31 06:01
PMCR- 2017/08/23
CRDT- 2017/08/31 06:00
PHST- 2017/03/10 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2017/07/10 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2017/08/31 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2017/08/31 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2017/08/31 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2017/08/23 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 65 [pii]
AID - 10.1186/s40813-017-0065-2 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Porcine Health Manag. 2017 Aug 23;3:19. doi: 10.1186/s40813-017-0065-2. 
      eCollection 2017.