PMID- 28966623
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20240327
IS  - 1664-462X (Print)
IS  - 1664-462X (Electronic)
IS  - 1664-462X (Linking)
VI  - 8
DP  - 2017
TI  - Mechanisms and Characterization of Trichoderma longibrachiatum T6 in Suppressing 
      Nematodes (Heterodera avenae) in Wheat.
PG  - 1491
LID - 10.3389/fpls.2017.01491 [doi]
LID - 1491
AB  - Heterodera avenae is an important soil-borne pathogen that affects field crops 
      worldwide. Chemical nematicides can be used to control the nematode, but they 
      bring toxicity to the environment and human. Trichoderma longibrachiatum has been 
      shown to have the ability to control H. avenae cysts, but detailed microscopic 
      observations and bioassays are lacking. In this study, we used microscopic 
      observations and bioassays to study the effect of T. longibrachiatum T6 (TL6) on 
      the eggs and second stage juveniles (J2s) of H. avenae, and investigate the role 
      of TL6 in inducing the resistance to H. avenae in wheat seedling at physiological 
      and biochemical levels. Microscopic observations recorded that TL6 parasitized on 
      the H. avenae eggs, germinated, and produced a large number of hyphae on the eggs 
      surface at the initial stage, thereafter, the eggs were completely surrounded by 
      dense mycelia and the contents of eggs were lysed at the late stage. Meanwhile, 
      the conidia suspension of TL6 parasitized on the surface of J2s, produced a large 
      number of hyphae that penetrated the cuticle and caused deformation of the 
      nematodes. TL6 at the concentration of 1.5 x 10(7) conidia ml(-1) had the highest 
      rates of parasitism on eggs and J2s, reflected by the highest hatching-inhibition 
      of eggs and the mortality of J2s. In the greenhouse experiments, wheat seedlings 
      treated with TL6 at 1.5 x 10(7) conidia ml(-1) had reduced H. avenae infection, 
      and increased plant growth significantly compared to the control. The cysts and 
      juveniles in soil were reduced by 89.8 and 92.7%, the juveniles and females in 
      roots were reduced by 88.3 and 91.3%, whereas the activity of chitinase and beta-1, 
      3-glucanase, total flavonoids and lignin contents in wheat roots were increased 
      significantly at different stage after inoculation with the eggs and TL6 conidia 
      in comparison to the control. Maximum activity of chitinase and beta-1, 3-glucanase 
      were recorded at the 20(th) and 15(th) Days after inoculation with TL6 and 
      thereafter it declined. The maximum contents of total flavonoids and lignin were 
      recorded at the 35(th) and 40(th) Days after inoculation with TL6. After being 
      stained with the rapid vital dyes of acridine orange (AO) and neutral red (NR), 
      the frozen and infected eggs and J2s of H. avenae changed color to orange and 
      red, respectively, while the color of eggs and J2s in control group did not 
      change. Therefore, our results suggest that TL6 is potentially an effective 
      bio-control agent for H. avenae. The possible mechanisms by which TL6 suppresses 
      H. avenae infection are due to the direct parasitic and lethal effect of TL6 on 
      the eggs and J2s activity, and the induced defense response in wheat plants 
      together.
FAU - Zhang, Shuwu
AU  - Zhang S
AD  - Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, 
      College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural UniversityLanzhou, China.
FAU - Gan, Yantai
AU  - Gan Y
AD  - Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural 
      UniversityLanzhou, China.
AD  - Swift Current Research & Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food 
      CanadaSwift Current, SK, Canada.
FAU - Ji, Weihong
AU  - Ji W
AD  - Human-Wildlife Interactions Research Group, Institute of Mathematical and Natural 
      Sciences, Massey UniversityAuckland, New Zealand.
FAU - Xu, Bingliang
AU  - Xu B
AD  - Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, 
      College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural UniversityLanzhou, China.
FAU - Hou, Baohong
AU  - Hou B
AD  - Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, 
      College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural UniversityLanzhou, China.
FAU - Liu, Jia
AU  - Liu J
AD  - Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, 
      College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural UniversityLanzhou, China.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20170915
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Front Plant Sci
JT  - Frontiers in plant science
JID - 101568200
PMC - PMC5605630
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Heterodera avenae
OT  - Trichoderma spp.
OT  - antioxidative defense system
OT  - biological control
OT  - eggs and second stage juveniles
OT  - parasitic and lethal effects
EDAT- 2017/10/03 06:00
MHDA- 2017/10/03 06:01
PMCR- 2017/01/01
CRDT- 2017/10/03 06:00
PHST- 2016/08/31 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2017/08/11 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2017/10/03 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2017/10/03 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2017/10/03 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2017/01/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.3389/fpls.2017.01491 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Front Plant Sci. 2017 Sep 15;8:1491. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01491. eCollection 
      2017.