PMID- 28972892
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20180709
LR  - 20180709
IS  - 1873-3360 (Electronic)
IS  - 0306-4530 (Linking)
VI  - 86
DP  - 2017 Dec
TI  - Brain functional connectivity patterns in children and adolescents with gender 
      dysphoria: Sex-atypical or not?
PG  - 187-195
LID - S0306-4530(17)30559-0 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.09.014 [doi]
AB  - Various previous studies have reported that brains of people diagnosed with 
      gender dysphoria (GD) show sex-atypical features. In addition, recent functional 
      magnetic resonance imaging studies found that several brain resting-state 
      networks (RSNs) in adults with GD show functional connectivity (FC) patterns that 
      are not sex-atypical, but specific for GD. In the current study we examined 
      whether FC patterns are also altered in prepubertal children and adolescents with 
      GD in comparison with non-gender dysphoric peers. We investigated FC patterns 
      within RSNs that were previously examined in adults: visual networks (VNs), 
      sensorimotor networks (SMNs), default mode network (DMN) and salience network. 
      Thirty-one children (18 birth assigned males; 13 birth assigned females) and 40 
      adolescents with GD (19 birth assigned males or transgirls; 21 birth assigned 
      females or transboys), and 39 cisgender children (21 boys; 18 girls) and 41 
      cisgender adolescents (20 boys; 21 girls) participated. We used independent 
      component analysis to obtain the network maps of interest and compared these 
      across groups. Within one of the three VNs (VN-I), adolescent transgirls showed 
      stronger FC in the right cerebellum compared with all other adolescent groups. 
      Sex differences in FC between the cisgender adolescent groups were observed in 
      the right supplementary motor area within one of the two SMNs (SMN-II; 
      girls>boys) and the right posterior cingulate gyrus within the posterior DMN 
      (boys>girls). Within these networks adolescent transgirls showed FC patterns 
      similar to their experienced gender (female). Also adolescent transboys showed a 
      FC pattern similar to their experienced gender (male), but within the SMN-II 
      only. The prepubertal children did not show any group differences in FC, 
      suggesting that these emerge with aging and during puberty. Our findings provide 
      evidence for the existence of both GD-specific and sex-atypical FC patterns in 
      adolescents with GD.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
FAU - Nota, Nienke M
AU  - Nota NM
AD  - Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, VU University Medical 
      Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
FAU - Kreukels, Baudewijntje P C
AU  - Kreukels BPC
AD  - Department of Medical Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University 
      Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic 
      address: b.kreukels@vumc.nl.
FAU - den Heijer, Martin
AU  - den Heijer M
AD  - Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, VU University Medical 
      Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
FAU - Veltman, Dick J
AU  - Veltman DJ
AD  - Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical, 
      Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
FAU - Cohen-Kettenis, Peggy T
AU  - Cohen-Kettenis PT
AD  - Department of Medical Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University 
      Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
FAU - Burke, Sarah M
AU  - Burke SM
AD  - Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Leiden University, Pieter 
      de la Court Gebouw, Wassenaarseweg 52, 2333 AK Leiden, The Netherlands.
FAU - Bakker, Julie
AU  - Bakker J
AD  - Department of Medical Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University 
      Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; 
      Neuroendocrinology, GIGA Neurosciences, University of Liege, Avenue Hippocrate, 
      15, 4000 Liege, Belgium.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20170918
PL  - England
TA  - Psychoneuroendocrinology
JT  - Psychoneuroendocrinology
JID - 7612148
SB  - IM
MH  - Adolescent
MH  - Brain/pathology
MH  - Brain Mapping/methods
MH  - Child
MH  - Child, Preschool
MH  - Connectome/methods
MH  - Cross-Sectional Studies
MH  - Female
MH  - Gender Dysphoria/*etiology/*pathology/psychology
MH  - Gyrus Cinguli/pathology
MH  - Humans
MH  - Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods
MH  - Male
MH  - Membrane Potentials/physiology
MH  - Nerve Net/physiopathology
MH  - Neuropsychological Tests
MH  - Sex Characteristics
MH  - Sexual Maturation/physiology
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Adolescents
OT  - Functional connectivity
OT  - Gender dysphoria
OT  - Prepubertal children
OT  - Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging
OT  - Transgender
EDAT- 2017/10/04 06:00
MHDA- 2018/07/10 06:00
CRDT- 2017/10/04 06:00
PHST- 2017/06/26 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2017/09/14 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2017/10/04 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2018/07/10 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2017/10/04 06:00 [entrez]
AID - S0306-4530(17)30559-0 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.09.014 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2017 Dec;86:187-195. doi: 
      10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.09.014. Epub 2017 Sep 18.