PMID- 28992790
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20180619
LR  - 20180620
IS  - 1477-0393 (Electronic)
IS  - 0748-2337 (Linking)
VI  - 33
IP  - 11
DP  - 2017 Nov
TI  - Human exposure to polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate from humidifiers in 
      residential settings: Cause of serious lung disease.
PG  - 835-842
LID - 10.1177/0748233717724983 [doi]
AB  - Exposure to the humidifier disinfectant, polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate 
      (PHMG), in mists generated from ultrasonic humidifiers was studied in a 
      simulation chamber and apartment rooms. PHMG is suspected as a causative agent of 
      lung disease in Korea residences. In the simulation-chamber study, the amount of 
      disinfectant discharged from three different ultrasonic humidifiers was measured. 
      Mists generated at 1, 2, and 4 times the recommended amount of disinfectant were 
      sampled with an impinger, and the effect of relative humidity (RH) on airborne 
      disinfectant concentration was studied by changing RH from 60%-70% to 90%-100%. 
      In addition, particle size distribution (PSD) in mists was measured by scanning 
      mobility particle sizer (SMPS), aerodynamic particle sizer (APS), and 
      Mastersizer. In the apartment study, mists generated from ultrasonic humidifiers 
      were sampled for 6 h in small and large rooms during fall ( n = 10) and winter ( 
      n = 15). In the simulation study, the humidifiers discharged 205 +/- 24.6 ml/h of 
      mist at maximum capacity. Concentrations of airborne disinfectant increased with 
      increasing concentration of disinfectant. RH affected airborne disinfectant 
      concentration in the chamber, with increasing concentration with increasing RH. 
      Below RH 70%, no airborne PHMG was detected. PHMG-containing mists generated from 
      ultrasonic humidifier showed various sizes ranging from 149-157 nm to 690-740 nm 
      to larger than 5.4 microm by SMPS, APS, and Mastersizer, respectively. Surface area 
      mean diameter measured by Mastersizer ranged from 5.39 microm to 5.72 microm. In the 
      apartment study conducted during the fall, the geometric mean (GM) and geometric 
      standard deviation (GSD) and arithmetic mean (AM) and standard deviation (SD) of 
      airborne PHMG concentration were 3.22 + 5.13 microg/m(3) and 8.26 +/- 12.18 microg/m(3), 
      respectively. In the winter, GM + GSD and AM +/- SD of airborne PHMG concentration 
      were 0.21 + 2.11 microg/m(3) and 0.35 +/- 0.62 microg/m(3), respectively. RH and 
      temperature in the apartment rooms for fall and winter were 22.5 +/- 1.7 degrees C, 74.5 +/- 
      15.6% and 22.0 +/- 2 degrees C, 51.1 +/- 12.9%, respectively. Different RHs in the fall and 
      winter resulted in very different airborne concentrations of disinfectant in the 
      apartment rooms. Exposure levels and PSD of mists generated from ultrasonic 
      humidifiers in apartments are not sufficient to conclude that PHMG causes lung 
      disease in Korean residences.
FAU - Lee, Ji Hyun
AU  - Lee JH
AD  - 1 Institute of Nanoproduct Safety Research, Hoseo University, Asan, Republic of 
      Korea.
FAU - Yu, Il Je
AU  - Yu IJ
AD  - 1 Institute of Nanoproduct Safety Research, Hoseo University, Asan, Republic of 
      Korea.
LA  - eng
PT  - Comparative Study
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20171009
PL  - England
TA  - Toxicol Ind Health
JT  - Toxicology and industrial health
JID - 8602702
RN  - 0 (Aerosols)
RN  - 0 (Air Pollutants)
RN  - 0 (Disinfectants)
RN  - 0 (Guanidines)
RN  - 31961-54-3 (polyhexamethyleneguanidine)
SB  - IM
MH  - Aerosols
MH  - Air Pollutants/analysis/chemistry/toxicity
MH  - Air Pollution, Indoor/*adverse effects
MH  - Atmosphere Exposure Chambers
MH  - Disinfectants/analysis/chemistry/*toxicity
MH  - Guanidines/analysis/chemistry/*toxicity
MH  - Humans
MH  - *Humidifiers
MH  - Humidity
MH  - Inhalation Exposure/adverse effects
MH  - Lung/*drug effects/physiopathology
MH  - Lung Injury/*chemically induced/physiopathology
MH  - *Models, Theoretical
MH  - Osmolar Concentration
MH  - Particle Size
MH  - Republic of Korea
MH  - Residence Characteristics
MH  - Seasons
MH  - Severity of Illness Index
MH  - Ultrasonics
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - PHMG
OT  - Ultrasonic humidifier
OT  - apartment
OT  - disinfectant
OT  - exposure assessment
OT  - lung disease
OT  - particle size
EDAT- 2017/10/11 06:00
MHDA- 2018/06/21 06:00
CRDT- 2017/10/11 06:00
PHST- 2017/10/11 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2018/06/21 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2017/10/11 06:00 [entrez]
AID - 10.1177/0748233717724983 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Toxicol Ind Health. 2017 Nov;33(11):835-842. doi: 10.1177/0748233717724983. Epub 
      2017 Oct 9.