PMID- 29051819 OWN - NLM STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE LR - 20231112 IS - 2052-336X (Print) IS - 2052-336X (Electronic) VI - 15 DP - 2017 TI - Estimating national dioxins and furans emissions, major sources, intake doses, and temporal trends in Iran from 1990-2010. PG - 20 LID - 10.1186/s40201-017-0283-1 [doi] LID - 20 AB - BACKGROUND: Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) are highly toxic persistent organic pollutants (POPs), which can cause various health outcomes, such as cancer. As a part of the National and Sub-national Burden of Disease Study (NASBOD), we aimed to estimate dioxins and furans national emissions, identify their main sources, estimate daily intake doses, and assess their trend from 1990-2010 in Iran. METHODS: The Toolkit for Identification and Quantification of Releases of Dioxins, Furans and Other Unintentional POPs, which is developed by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP 2013), was used to estimate the emissions of PCDD/PCDFs from several sources into the air, water, land, residue, and other products. The daily intake doses were estimated using a linear regression of estimated emissions by UNEP Toolkit and average intake doses in other countries. Finally, the trend of PCDD/PCDFs emissions and daily intake doses were explored from 1990-2010. RESULTS: The total emissions were estimated as 960 g Toxic Equivalents (g TEQ) for 1990 and 1957 g TEQ for 2010 (18.2 and 26.8 g TEQ per million capita, respectively). The estimations suggest that albeit contribution of open burning to PCDD/PCDFs emissions has been declining from 1990 to 2010, it remained the major source of emissions in Iran contributing to about 45.8% out of total emissions in 1990 to 35.7% in 2010. We further found that PCDD/PCDFs are mostly emitted into the ambient air, followed by residue, land, products, and water. The daily intake doses were estimated to be 3.1 and 5.4 pg TEQ/kg bw/day for 1990 and 2010, respectively. We estimated an increasing trend for PCDD/PCDFs emissions and intake doses in Iran from 1990-2010. CONCLUSIONS: The high levels of emissions, intake doses, and their increasing trend in Iran may pose a substantial health risk to the Iranian population. Further studies with more rigorous methods are recommended but this should not circumvent taking appropriate policy actions against these pollutants. Currently, Iran has no standard for dioxins and furans. Adaptation of the World Health Organization recommended guidelines might be an appropriate starting point to control dioxins and furans emissions. FAU - Momeniha, Fatemeh AU - Momeniha F AD - Center for Solid Waste Research (CSWR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ISNI: 0000 0001 0166 0922. GRID: grid.411705.6 AD - Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. GRID: grid.411746.1 FAU - Faridi, Sasan AU - Faridi S AD - Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ISNI: 0000 0001 0166 0922. GRID: grid.411705.6 AD - Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ISNI: 0000 0001 0166 0922. GRID: grid.411705.6 FAU - Amini, Heresh AU - Amini H AD - Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. ISNI: 0000 0004 1937 0642. GRID: grid.6612.3 FAU - Shamsipour, Mansour AU - Shamsipour M AD - Department of Research Methodology and Data Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ISNI: 0000 0001 0166 0922. GRID: grid.411705.6 FAU - Naddafi, Kazem AU - Naddafi K AD - Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ISNI: 0000 0001 0166 0922. GRID: grid.411705.6 AD - Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ISNI: 0000 0001 0166 0922. GRID: grid.411705.6 FAU - Yunesian, Masud AU - Yunesian M AD - Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ISNI: 0000 0001 0166 0922. GRID: grid.411705.6 AD - Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ISNI: 0000 0001 0166 0922. GRID: grid.411705.6 FAU - Niazi, Sadegh AU - Niazi S AD - Department of Research Methodology and Data Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ISNI: 0000 0001 0166 0922. GRID: grid.411705.6 FAU - Gohari, Kimiya AU - Gohari K AD - Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. GRID: grid.411600.2 AD - Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology & Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ISNI: 0000 0001 0166 0922. GRID: grid.411705.6 FAU - Farzadfar, Farshad AU - Farzadfar F AD - Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology & Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ISNI: 0000 0001 0166 0922. GRID: grid.411705.6 FAU - Nabizadeh, Ramin AU - Nabizadeh R AD - Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ISNI: 0000 0001 0166 0922. GRID: grid.411705.6 AD - Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ISNI: 0000 0001 0166 0922. GRID: grid.411705.6 FAU - Mokammel, Adel AU - Mokammel A AD - Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran. ISNI: 0000 0004 0611 7226. GRID: grid.411426.4 FAU - Mahvi, Amir Hossein AU - Mahvi AH AD - Center for Solid Waste Research (CSWR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ISNI: 0000 0001 0166 0922. GRID: grid.411705.6 AD - Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. GRID: grid.411746.1 FAU - Mesdaghinia, Alireza AU - Mesdaghinia A AD - Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ISNI: 0000 0001 0166 0922. GRID: grid.411705.6 AD - Center for Water Quality Research (CWQR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ISNI: 0000 0001 0166 0922. GRID: grid.411705.6 FAU - Kashani, Homa AU - Kashani H AD - Department of Research Methodology and Data Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ISNI: 0000 0001 0166 0922. GRID: grid.411705.6 FAU - Nasseri, Simin AU - Nasseri S AD - Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ISNI: 0000 0001 0166 0922. GRID: grid.411705.6 AD - Center for Water Quality Research (CWQR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ISNI: 0000 0001 0166 0922. GRID: grid.411705.6 FAU - Gholampour, Akbar AU - Gholampour A AD - Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. ISNI: 0000 0001 2174 8913. GRID: grid.412888.f FAU - Saeedi, Reza AU - Saeedi R AD - Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, Safety and Environment, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. GRID: grid.411600.2 FAU - Hassanvand, Mohammad Sadegh AU - Hassanvand MS AD - Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ISNI: 0000 0001 0166 0922. GRID: grid.411705.6 AD - Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ISNI: 0000 0001 0166 0922. GRID: grid.411705.6 LA - eng PT - Journal Article DEP - 20171010 PL - England TA - J Environ Health Sci Eng JT - Journal of environmental health science & engineering JID - 101613643 PMC - PMC5633873 OTO - NOTNLM OT - Dioxins OT - Furans OT - Intake dose OT - Iran OT - PCDD/PCDFs OT - UNEP toolkit COIS- ETHICS APPROVAL AND CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE: Not applicable. CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION: Not applicable. COMPETING INTERESTS: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. PUBLISHER'S NOTE: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. EDAT- 2017/10/21 06:00 MHDA- 2017/10/21 06:01 PMCR- 2017/10/10 CRDT- 2017/10/21 06:00 PHST- 2017/01/31 00:00 [received] PHST- 2017/10/04 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2017/10/21 06:00 [entrez] PHST- 2017/10/21 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2017/10/21 06:01 [medline] PHST- 2017/10/10 00:00 [pmc-release] AID - 283 [pii] AID - 10.1186/s40201-017-0283-1 [doi] PST - epublish SO - J Environ Health Sci Eng. 2017 Oct 10;15:20. doi: 10.1186/s40201-017-0283-1. eCollection 2017.