PMID- 29107222
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20171204
LR  - 20171204
IS  - 1873-376X (Electronic)
IS  - 1570-0232 (Linking)
VI  - 1068-1069
DP  - 2017 Nov 15
TI  - Comprehensive characterization of the in vitro and in vivo metabolites of limonin 
      in human samples using LC-Q-TOF/MS.
PG  - 226-232
LID - S1570-0232(17)30917-0 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.10.035 [doi]
AB  - Limonin is a bitter triterpenoid dilactone in the genus Citrus with potential 
      medicinal value. In this study, the metabolism of limonin in human was 
      characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight 
      mass spectrometry (HPLC-Q-TOF-MS). A total of 7 metabolites were identified from 
      human samples. Among them, 3 metabolites of M1, M2 and M4 were detected in urine 
      and feces, and the others were found in intestinal bacteria sample. Notably, M1 
      and M3 were chemically synthesized, of which the structures were further 
      confirmed by NMR spectra data. The metabolism of limonin involved three major 
      pathways, namely, reduction, hydrolysis and methylation. The reduction and 
      hydrolysis were commonly observed in ring D of limonin. The metabolites showed 
      decomposition in ring A. This study provides data for the metabolism of limonin 
      in humans, and will contribute to explain its biological activity.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2017. Published by Elsevier B.V.
FAU - Liu, Shijia
AU  - Liu S
AD  - Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, 
      Jiangsu, China.
FAU - Chen, Peidong
AU  - Chen P
AD  - Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources 
      Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210016, 
      Jiangsu, China.
FAU - Zhang, Nongshan
AU  - Zhang N
AD  - Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, 
      Jiangsu, China.
FAU - Sun, Luning
AU  - Sun L
AD  - Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, 
      Jiangsu, China.
FAU - Dai, Guoliang
AU  - Dai G
AD  - Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, 
      Jiangsu, China.
FAU - Zhu, Lei
AU  - Zhu L
AD  - Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, 
      Jiangsu, China.
FAU - Li, Changyin
AU  - Li C
AD  - Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, 
      Jiangsu, China.
FAU - Zhao, Yang
AU  - Zhao Y
AD  - Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center of Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. 
      Food and Drug Administration, 20903, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
FAU - Zhang, Li
AU  - Zhang L
AD  - Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources 
      Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210016, 
      Jiangsu, China.
FAU - Fu, Haiyan
AU  - Fu H
AD  - State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center 
      of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical 
      University, Guangzhou, China. Electronic address: fuhaiyan@fmmu.edu.cn.
FAU - Ju, Wenzheng
AU  - Ju W
AD  - Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, 
      Jiangsu, China. Electronic address: juwenzheng1770@sina.com.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20171019
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci
JT  - Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life 
      sciences
JID - 101139554
RN  - 0 (Limonins)
RN  - L0F260866S (limonin)
SB  - IM
MH  - Administration, Oral
MH  - Adult
MH  - Chromatography, Liquid/*methods
MH  - Feces/chemistry
MH  - Female
MH  - Gastrointestinal Microbiome
MH  - Humans
MH  - Limonins/administration & dosage/*analysis/chemistry/*metabolism
MH  - Male
MH  - Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/*methods
MH  - Young Adult
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Hydrolysis
OT  - Limonin
OT  - Metabolism
OT  - Metabolites
OT  - Reduction
EDAT- 2017/11/07 06:00
MHDA- 2017/12/05 06:00
CRDT- 2017/11/07 06:00
PHST- 2017/05/19 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2017/10/09 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2017/10/15 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2017/11/07 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2017/12/05 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2017/11/07 06:00 [entrez]
AID - S1570-0232(17)30917-0 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.10.035 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2017 Nov 15;1068-1069:226-232. 
      doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.10.035. Epub 2017 Oct 19.