PMID- 29209235
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20201001
IS  - 1664-0640 (Print)
IS  - 1664-0640 (Electronic)
IS  - 1664-0640 (Linking)
VI  - 8
DP  - 2017
TI  - The "Endless Trip" among the NPS Users: Psychopathology and Psychopharmacology in 
      the Hallucinogen-Persisting Perception Disorder. A Systematic Review.
PG  - 240
LID - 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00240 [doi]
LID - 240
AB  - Hallucinogen-persisting perception disorder (HPPD) is a syndrome characterized by 
      prolonged or reoccurring perceptual symptoms, reminiscent of acute hallucinogen 
      effects. HPPD was associated with a broader range of LSD (lysergic acid 
      diethylamide)-like substances, cannabis, methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), 
      psilocybin, mescaline, and psychostimulants. The recent emergence of novel 
      psychoactive substances (NPS) posed a critical concern regarding the new onset of 
      psychiatric symptoms/syndromes, including cases of HPPD. Symptomatology mainly 
      comprises visual disorders (i.e., geometric pseudo-hallucinations, haloes, 
      flashes of colors/lights, motion-perception deficits, afterimages, micropsia, 
      more acute awareness of floaters, etc.), even though depressive symptoms and 
      thought disorders may be comorbidly present. Although HPPD was first described in 
      1954, it was just established as a fully syndrome in 2000, with the revised 
      fourth version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 
      (DSM-IV-TR). HPPD neural substrates, risk factors, and aetiopathogenesys still 
      largely remain unknown and under investigation, and many questions about its 
      pharmacological targets remain unanswered too. A critical mini review on 
      psychopathological bases, etiological hypothesis, and psychopharmacological 
      approaches toward HPPD, including the association with some novel substances, are 
      provided here, by means of a literature search on PubMed/Medline, Google Scholar, 
      and Scopus databases without time restrictions, by using a specific set of 
      keywords. Pharmacological and clinical issues are considered, and practical 
      psychopharmacological recommendations and clinical guidelines are suggested.
FAU - Orsolini, Laura
AU  - Orsolini L
AD  - Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, 
      School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, 
      United Kingdom.
AD  - Neomesia Mental Health, Villa Jolanda Hospital, Jesi, Italy.
AD  - Polyedra, Teramo, Italy.
FAU - Papanti, Gabriele Duccio
AU  - Papanti GD
AD  - Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, 
      School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, 
      United Kingdom.
FAU - De Berardis, Domenico
AU  - De Berardis D
AD  - Polyedra, Teramo, Italy.
AD  - NHS, Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, 
      Hospital "G. Mazzini", Teramo, Italy.
AD  - Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science, Chair of Psychiatry, 
      University "G. D'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy.
FAU - Guirguis, Amira
AU  - Guirguis A
AD  - Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, 
      School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, 
      United Kingdom.
FAU - Corkery, John Martin
AU  - Corkery JM
AD  - Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, 
      School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, 
      United Kingdom.
FAU - Schifano, Fabrizio
AU  - Schifano F
AD  - Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, 
      School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, 
      United Kingdom.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20171120
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Front Psychiatry
JT  - Frontiers in psychiatry
JID - 101545006
PMC - PMC5701998
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - flashbacks
OT  - hallucinations
OT  - hallucinogen-persisting perception disorder
OT  - hallucinogens
OT  - novel psychoactive substances
OT  - palinopsia
EDAT- 2017/12/07 06:00
MHDA- 2017/12/07 06:01
PMCR- 2017/11/20
CRDT- 2017/12/07 06:00
PHST- 2017/09/14 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2017/11/03 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2017/12/07 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2017/12/07 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2017/12/07 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2017/11/20 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00240 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Front Psychiatry. 2017 Nov 20;8:240. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00240. eCollection 
      2017.