PMID- 29216523
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20180530
LR  - 20180530
IS  - 1872-6283 (Electronic)
IS  - 0379-0738 (Linking)
VI  - 282
DP  - 2018 Jan
TI  - Use of synthetic stimulants and hallucinogens in a cohort of electronic dance 
      music festival attendees.
PG  - 168-178
LID - S0379-0738(17)30475-9 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.11.017 [doi]
AB  - Novel psychoactive substances (NPS), often characterized as unregulated 
      psychoactive compounds designed to circumvent existing legislation, have become 
      mainstream on the illicit drug market. Because of their physical and 
      mind-altering properties, NPS may be deliberately or inadvertently ingested at 
      electronic dance music (EDM) festivals to enhance the attendees' appreciation of 
      the music and overall experience. Their widespread use at EDM festivals have been 
      well documented and several adverse events and fatalities associated with NPS 
      ingestion have been reported in the United States. The diversity and rapid 
      turnover in the prevalence of any particular NPS at any given point of time has 
      created several challenges for public health officials, law enforcement, and 
      forensic science communities. Epidemiological studies are often published long 
      after drugs have cycled through the peak of their popularity with users and the 
      scope of testing frequently failing to detect, identify or report the most 
      recently available drugs. The aims of the study included discovering emerging 
      NPS, ascertaining their overall prevalence and determining patterns of use and 
      trends within this targeted population. Over the course of two years, biological 
      samples were collected from 396 (126 blood samples; 227 urine samples; and 384 
      oral fluid samples) EDM festival attendees. Additionally, survey data regarding 
      prescription and recreational drug use within the last week were collected with 
      follow-up questions related to what substance(s) the person had ingested, amount 
      taken, when the substance was last taken and perceived effects. All biological 
      samples were screened and subsequently confirmed and/or quantified, when 
      appropriate. In response to survey questions, 72% of the participants reported 
      using a recreational drug or medicinal substance within the last week. Users most 
      commonly reported using marijuana and alcohol, followed by "Molly" and cocaine. 
      Of the 396 individuals tested, approximately 75% of the population was positive 
      in at least one biological specimen for drugs and/or alcohol. Of those positive 
      samples, 36% were confirmed to contain one or more NPS and/or 
      3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA). High rates of turnover and spikes in 
      popularity related to NPS are supported by samples confirming positive for 
      alpha-PVP in 2014, however, one year later not a single case was positive for 
      alpha-PVP, and instead increasing numbers of subjects were positive for ethylone.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
FAU - Mohr, Amanda L A
AU  - Mohr ALA
AD  - The Center for Forensic Science Research and Education (CFSRE), 2300 Stratford 
      Ave, Willow Grove, PA, United States.
FAU - Friscia, Melissa
AU  - Friscia M
AD  - The Center for Forensic Science Research and Education (CFSRE), 2300 Stratford 
      Ave, Willow Grove, PA, United States.
FAU - Yeakel, Jillian K
AU  - Yeakel JK
AD  - Lehigh Valley Toxicology, 3864 Courtney St. Suite 150, Bethlehem, PA, United 
      States.
FAU - Logan, Barry K
AU  - Logan BK
AD  - The Center for Forensic Science Research and Education (CFSRE), 2300 Stratford 
      Ave, Willow Grove, PA, United States; NMS Labs, 3701 Welsh Rd, Willow Grove, PA, 
      United States. Electronic address: barry.logan@nmslabs.com.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20171121
PL  - Ireland
TA  - Forensic Sci Int
JT  - Forensic science international
JID - 7902034
RN  - 0 (Central Nervous System Stimulants)
RN  - 0 (Designer Drugs)
RN  - 0 (Hallucinogens)
SB  - IM
MH  - Central Nervous System Stimulants/*analysis
MH  - Dancing
MH  - Designer Drugs/analysis
MH  - Female
MH  - Florida
MH  - Hallucinogens/*analysis
MH  - Humans
MH  - Male
MH  - Music
MH  - Saliva/chemistry
MH  - Substance Abuse Detection
MH  - Substance-Related Disorders/*diagnosis
MH  - Surveys and Questionnaires
MH  - Young Adult
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Electronic dance music festivals
OT  - NPS
OT  - Oral fluid
EDAT- 2017/12/08 06:00
MHDA- 2018/05/31 06:00
CRDT- 2017/12/08 06:00
PHST- 2017/06/16 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2017/11/10 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2017/11/11 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2017/12/08 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2018/05/31 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2017/12/08 06:00 [entrez]
AID - S0379-0738(17)30475-9 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.11.017 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Forensic Sci Int. 2018 Jan;282:168-178. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.11.017. 
      Epub 2017 Nov 21.