PMID- 29314761
OWN - NLM
STAT- Publisher
LR  - 20240227
IS  - 1942-7611 (Electronic)
IS  - 1942-7603 (Linking)
DP  - 2018 Jan 5
TI  - Keratinous matrices for the assessment of drugs of abuse consumption: A 
      correlation study between hair and nails.
LID - 10.1002/dta.2356 [doi]
AB  - Keratinous matrices - hair and nails - accumulate substances over time and allow 
      retrospective investigation of past consumption. Analysis of these matrices can 
      provide information complementary to blood and urine analysis or can be used as 
      standalone. So far, research has primarily focused on the detection of substances 
      in hair, while studies in nails are scarce. In this study, we assessed 
      concentrations of drugs of abuse and their metabolites in hair, fingernails, and 
      toenails collected from the same individuals to evaluate differences and 
      correlations between matrices. A total of 26 hair, 24 fingernail, and 18 toenail 
      samples were collected. Samples were analysed by a validated liquid 
      chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method able to simultaneously detect the 
      following compounds: amphetamine (AMP), methamphetamine, 
      3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine, 
      morphine (MOR), codeine (COD), 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM), methadone (MTD), 
      2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP), cocaine (COC), 
      benzoylecgonine (BE), and ecgonine methyl ester (EME). Strong positive 
      correlations between hair, fingernails, and toenails were present for COC, BE, 
      EME, AMP and MDMA. MOR, COD, 6-MAM, MTD and EDDP showed positive trends. 
      Concentrations were generally higher in nails compared to hair. Ratios between 
      parent compounds and their metabolites were assessed for 6-MAM/MOR, EDDP/MTD, 
      BE/COC and EME/COC. Preliminary cut-off concentrations for COC, BE, EME and AMP 
      in fingernails and toenails were proposed. In light of these results, nails can 
      be considered as a useful alternative to hair for monitoring of long-term drug 
      consumption. However, care should be taken regarding the variability in the 
      accumulation of compounds between the matrices.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
FAU - Cappelle, Delphine
AU  - Cappelle D
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-1290-3381
AD  - Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Belgium.
FAU - De Keukeleire, Steven
AU  - De Keukeleire S
AD  - Department of Laboratory Medicine, Eeklo, Belgium.
FAU - Neels, Hugo
AU  - Neels H
AD  - Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Belgium.
FAU - Been, Frederic
AU  - Been F
AD  - Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Belgium.
FAU - De Doncker, Mireille
AU  - De Doncker M
AD  - Toxicology and TDM Laboratory, ZNA Stuivenberg Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium.
FAU - Dom, Geert
AU  - Dom G
AD  - Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute, University of Antwerp, 
      Belgium.
AD  - Psychiatric Hospital Multiversum, Boechout, Belgium.
FAU - Crunelle, Cleo L
AU  - Crunelle CL
AD  - Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Belgium.
AD  - Department of Psychiatry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair 
      Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Jette, Belgium.
FAU - Covaci, Adrian
AU  - Covaci A
AD  - Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Belgium.
FAU - van Nuijs, Alexander L N
AU  - van Nuijs ALN
AD  - Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Belgium.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20180105
PL  - England
TA  - Drug Test Anal
JT  - Drug testing and analysis
JID - 101483449
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - correlation
OT  - drugs of abuse
OT  - hair
OT  - keratinous matrices
OT  - nails
EDAT- 2018/01/10 06:00
MHDA- 2018/01/10 06:00
CRDT- 2018/01/10 06:00
PHST- 2017/10/20 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2017/12/22 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2017/12/24 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2018/01/10 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2018/01/10 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2018/01/10 06:00 [entrez]
AID - 10.1002/dta.2356 [doi]
PST - aheadofprint
SO  - Drug Test Anal. 2018 Jan 5. doi: 10.1002/dta.2356.