PMID- 29377838
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20180426
LR  - 20181202
IS  - 0273-1223 (Print)
IS  - 0273-1223 (Linking)
VI  - 77
IP  - 1-2
DP  - 2018 Jan
TI  - Characterizing health risks associated with recreational swimming at Taiwanese 
      beaches by using quantitative microbial risk assessment.
PG  - 534-547
LID - 10.2166/wst.2017.571 [doi]
AB  - Taiwan is surrounded by oceans, and therefore numerous pleasure beaches attract 
      millions of tourists annually to participate in recreational swimming activities. 
      However, impaired water quality because of fecal pollution poses a potential 
      threat to the tourists' health. This study probabilistically characterized the 
      health risks associated with recreational swimming engendered by waterborne 
      enterococci at 13 Taiwanese beaches by using quantitative microbial risk 
      assessment. First, data on enterococci concentrations at coastal beaches 
      monitored by the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration were reproduced 
      using nonparametric Monte Carlo simulation (MCS). The ingestion volumes of 
      recreational swimming based on uniform and gamma distributions were subsequently 
      determined using MCS. Finally, after the distribution combination of the two 
      parameters, the beta-Poisson dose-response function was employed to 
      quantitatively estimate health risks to recreational swimmers. Moreover, various 
      levels of risk to recreational swimmers were classified and spatially mapped to 
      explore feasible recreational and environmental management strategies at the 
      beaches. The study results revealed that although the health risks associated 
      with recreational swimming did not exceed an acceptable benchmark of 0.019 
      illnesses daily at all beaches, they approached to this benchmark at certain 
      beaches. Beaches with relatively high risks are located in Northwestern Taiwan 
      owing to the current movements.
FAU - Jang, Cheng-Shin
AU  - Jang CS
AD  - Department of Leisure and Recreation Management, Kainan University, Taoyuan City 
      338, Taiwan E-mail: csjang@mail.knu.edu.tw.
FAU - Liang, Ching-Ping
AU  - Liang CP
AD  - Department of Nursing, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung City 831, Taiwan.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PL  - England
TA  - Water Sci Technol
JT  - Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on 
      Water Pollution Research
JID - 9879497
SB  - IM
MH  - Bathing Beaches/*standards
MH  - Enterococcus/*isolation & purification
MH  - Environmental Monitoring/*methods
MH  - Feces/microbiology
MH  - Humans
MH  - Monte Carlo Method
MH  - Recreation
MH  - Risk Assessment
MH  - *Swimming
MH  - Taiwan
MH  - Water Microbiology/*standards
EDAT- 2018/01/30 06:00
MHDA- 2018/04/27 06:00
CRDT- 2018/01/30 06:00
PHST- 2018/01/30 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2018/01/30 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2018/04/27 06:00 [medline]
AID - 10.2166/wst.2017.571 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Water Sci Technol. 2018 Jan;77(1-2):534-547. doi: 10.2166/wst.2017.571.