PMID- 29421245 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE DCOM- 20190312 LR - 20190312 IS - 1873-2747 (Electronic) IS - 0361-9230 (Linking) VI - 139 DP - 2018 May TI - Effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue; Exendin-4, on cognitive functions in type 2 diabetes mellitus; possible modulation of brain derived neurotrophic factor and brain Visfatin. PG - 67-80 LID - S0361-9230(17)30300-3 [pii] LID - 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.02.002 [doi] AB - BACKGROUND: Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is one of the most essential neurotrophic factors in the brain. BDNF is involved in learning, memory and locomotion suggesting it as a target in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) associated cognitive changes. Visfatin; an adipokine discovered to be expressed in the brain; was found to have multiple effects including its participation in keeping energy supply to the cell and is consequentially involved in cell survival. Its role in cognitive functions in T2DM was not studied before. Recent studies point to the possible neuro-protective mechanisms of glucagon-like peptide 1 analogue: Exendin-4 (Ex-4) in many cognitive disorders, but whether BDNF or Visfatin are involved or not in its neuro-protective mechanisms; is still unknown. AIMS: to study the changes in cognitive functions in T2DM, either not treated or treated with Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) analogue: Ex-4, and to identify the possible underlying mechanisms of these changes and whether BDNF and brain Visfatin are involved. METHODS: A total of 36 adult male wistar albino rats were divided into 4 groups; Control, Exendin-4 control, Diabetic and Exendin-4 treated groups. At the end of the study, Y-maze and open field tests were done the day before scarification to assess spatial working memory and locomotion, respectively. Fasting glucose and insulin, lipid profile and tumor necrosis factor- alpha (TNF-alpha) were measured in the serum. Homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance was calculated. In the brain tissue, malondialdehyde (MDA) level, gene expression and protein levels of BDNF and Visfatin, area of degenerated neurons, area of glial cells and area % of synaptophysin immunoexpression were assessed. RESULTS: Compared with the control, the untreated diabetic rats showed insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and elevation of serum TNF-alpha. The brain tissue showed down-regulation of BDNF gene expression and reduction of its protein level, up-regulation of Visfatin gene expression and elevation of its protein level, increase in MDA, area of degenerated neurons and area of glial cells and reduction in area % of synaptophysin immunoexpression. These changes were paralleled with significant deterioration in spatial working memory and locomotion. Treatment of diabetic rats with Ex-4 reversed all these changes. CONCLUSION: T2DM has a negative impact on cognitive functions through different pathological and subcellular mechanisms. The current study provides evidence for involvement of BDNF and brain Visfatin in T2DM- associated cognitive dysfunction. BDNF and brain Visfatin were also found to contribute to the neuro-protective effect of Ex-4 via modulation of inflammation, oxidative stress, neuro-degeneration and synaptic function. CI - Copyright (c) 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FAU - Abdelwahed, O M AU - Abdelwahed OM AD - Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt. Electronic address: Omaima.M.Awadallah@kasralainy.edu.eg. FAU - Tork, O M AU - Tork OM AD - Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt. FAU - Gamal El Din, M M AU - Gamal El Din MM AD - Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt. FAU - Rashed, L AU - Rashed L AD - Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt. FAU - Zickri, M AU - Zickri M AD - Department of Medical Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt. LA - eng PT - Journal Article PT - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't DEP - 20180205 PL - United States TA - Brain Res Bull JT - Brain research bulletin JID - 7605818 RN - 0 (Anti-Obesity Agents) RN - 0 (Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor) RN - 0 (Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha) RN - 4Y8F71G49Q (Malondialdehyde) RN - 9P1872D4OL (Exenatide) RN - EC 2.4.2.12 (Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase) SB - IM MH - Animals MH - Anti-Obesity Agents/*therapeutic use MH - Brain/drug effects/*metabolism MH - Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/*metabolism MH - Cognition Disorders/*drug therapy/etiology MH - Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications MH - Disease Models, Animal MH - Exenatide/*therapeutic use MH - Male MH - Malondialdehyde/metabolism MH - Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase/*metabolism MH - Rats MH - Rats, Wistar MH - Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism OTO - NOTNLM OT - Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) OT - Cognitive functions OT - Diabetes mellitus OT - Exendin-4 OT - Synaptophysin OT - Visfatin EDAT- 2018/02/09 06:00 MHDA- 2019/03/13 06:00 CRDT- 2018/02/09 06:00 PHST- 2017/05/24 00:00 [received] PHST- 2017/12/17 00:00 [revised] PHST- 2018/02/01 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2018/02/09 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2019/03/13 06:00 [medline] PHST- 2018/02/09 06:00 [entrez] AID - S0361-9230(17)30300-3 [pii] AID - 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.02.002 [doi] PST - ppublish SO - Brain Res Bull. 2018 May;139:67-80. doi: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.02.002. Epub 2018 Feb 5.