PMID- 29439207
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20190426
LR  - 20190426
IS  - 1468-3318 (Electronic)
IS  - 0964-4563 (Linking)
VI  - 27
IP  - 6
DP  - 2018 Nov
TI  - A Casino goes smoke free: a longitudinal study of secondhand and thirdhand smoke 
      pollution and exposure.
PG  - 643-649
LID - 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-054052 [doi]
AB  - BACKGROUND: Secondhand smoke (SHS) in US casinos is common, but little is known 
      about the residue of tobacco smoke pollutants left behind in dust and on 
      surfaces, commonly referred to as thirdhand smoke (THS). We examined SHS and THS 
      pollution and exposure before and during a casino smoking ban and after smoking 
      resumed. METHODS: A casino was visited nine times over a 15-month period to 
      collect dust, surface and air samples in eight locations. Finger wipe and urine 
      samples were collected from non-smoking confederates before and after a 4-hour 
      casino visit. Samples were analysed for markers of SHS and THS pollution and 
      exposure. RESULTS: Exceptionally high levels of THS were found in dust and on 
      surfaces. Although the smoking ban led to immediate improvements in air quality, 
      surface nicotine levels were unchanged and remained very high for the first month 
      of the smoking ban. Surface nicotine decreased by 90% after 1 month (P<0.01), but 
      nicotine and tobacco-specific nitrosamines in dust decreased more slowly, 
      declining by 90% only after 3 months (P<0.01). Exposure was significantly reduced 
      after the ban, but the benefits of the ban were reversed after smoking resumed. 
      CONCLUSIONS: Long-term smoking in a casino creates deep THS reservoirs that 
      persist for months after a smoking ban. A complete smoking ban immediately 
      improves air quality and significantly reduces exposure to SHS and THS. However, 
      THS reservoirs contribute to continued low-level exposure to toxicants. To 
      accelerate the effect of smoking bans, remediation efforts should address 
      specific THS reservoirs, which may require intensive cleaning as well as 
      replacement of carpets, furniture and building materials.
CI  - (c) Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of 
      the article) 2018. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless 
      otherwise expressly granted.
FAU - Matt, Georg E
AU  - Matt GE
AD  - Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA.
FAU - Quintana, Penelope J E
AU  - Quintana PJE
AD  - Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, 
      California, USA.
FAU - Hoh, Eunha
AU  - Hoh E
AD  - Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, 
      California, USA.
FAU - Zakarian, Joy M
AU  - Zakarian JM
AD  - Measurement and Evaluation Research Group, San Diego State University Research 
      Foundation, San Diego, California, USA.
FAU - Chowdhury, Zohir
AU  - Chowdhury Z
AD  - Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, 
      California, USA.
FAU - Hovell, Melbourne F
AU  - Hovell MF
AD  - Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, 
      California, USA.
FAU - Jacob, Peyton
AU  - Jacob P
AD  - Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of California, 
      San Francisco, California, USA.
FAU - Watanabe, Kayo
AU  - Watanabe K
AD  - Measurement and Evaluation Research Group, San Diego State University Research 
      Foundation, San Diego, California, USA.
FAU - Theweny, Teaba S
AU  - Theweny TS
AD  - Measurement and Evaluation Research Group, San Diego State University Research 
      Foundation, San Diego, California, USA.
FAU - Flores, Victoria
AU  - Flores V
AD  - Measurement and Evaluation Research Group, San Diego State University Research 
      Foundation, San Diego, California, USA.
FAU - Nguyen, Anh
AU  - Nguyen A
AD  - Measurement and Evaluation Research Group, San Diego State University Research 
      Foundation, San Diego, California, USA.
FAU - Dhaliwal, Narinder
AU  - Dhaliwal N
AD  - California Clean Air Project, ETR Associates, Scotts Valley, California, USA.
FAU - Hayward, Gary
AU  - Hayward G
AD  - Win-River Resort & Casino, Redding, California, USA.
LA  - eng
GR  - S10 RR026437/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
PT  - Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
DEP - 20180208
PL  - England
TA  - Tob Control
JT  - Tobacco control
JID - 9209612
RN  - 0 (Dust)
RN  - 0 (Nitrosamines)
RN  - 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution)
RN  - 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine)
SB  - IM
MH  - Adult
MH  - Air/analysis
MH  - Dust/analysis
MH  - Environmental Exposure/*analysis
MH  - Female
MH  - Gambling/urine
MH  - Humans
MH  - Longitudinal Studies
MH  - Male
MH  - Middle Aged
MH  - Nicotine/analysis/urine
MH  - Nitrosamines/analysis/urine
MH  - Smoke-Free Policy/*legislation & jurisprudence
MH  - Surface Properties
MH  - Tobacco Smoke Pollution/*analysis/*legislation & jurisprudence
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - carcinogens
OT  - cotinine
OT  - nicotine
OT  - secondhand smoke
COIS- Competing interests: None declared.
EDAT- 2018/02/14 06:00
MHDA- 2019/04/27 06:00
CRDT- 2018/02/14 06:00
PHST- 2017/09/20 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2018/01/10 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2018/01/11 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2018/02/14 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2019/04/27 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2018/02/14 06:00 [entrez]
AID - tobaccocontrol-2017-054052 [pii]
AID - 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-054052 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Tob Control. 2018 Nov;27(6):643-649. doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-054052. 
      Epub 2018 Feb 8.