PMID- 29451906
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20180523
LR  - 20211204
IS  - 1932-6203 (Electronic)
IS  - 1932-6203 (Linking)
VI  - 13
IP  - 2
DP  - 2018
TI  - Brain changes due to hypoxia during light anaesthesia can be prevented by 
      deepening anaesthesia; a study in rats.
PG  - e0193062
LID - 10.1371/journal.pone.0193062 [doi]
LID - e0193062
AB  - In anaesthetic practice the risk of cerebral ischemic/hypoxic damage is thought 
      to be attenuated by deep anaesthesia. The rationale is that deeper anaesthesia 
      reduces cerebral oxygen demand more than light anaesthesia, thereby increasing 
      the tolerance to ischemia or hypoxia. However, evidence to support this is 
      scarce. We thus investigated the influence of light versus deep anaesthesia on 
      the responses of rat brains to a period of hypoxia. In the first experiment we 
      exposed adult male Wistar rats to deep or light propofol anaesthesia and then 
      performed [18F]- Fludeoxyglucose (FDG) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scans 
      to verify the extent of cerebral metabolic suppression. In subsequent 
      experiments, rats were subjected to light/deep propofol anaesthesia and then 
      exposed to a period of hypoxia or ongoing normoxia (n = 9-11 per group). A 
      further 5 rats, not exposed to anaesthesia or hypoxia, served as controls. Four 
      days later a Novel Object Recognition (NOR) test was performed to assess mood and 
      cognition. After another 4 days, the animals were sacrificed for later 
      immunohistochemical analyses of neurogenesis/neuroplasticity (Doublecortin; DCX), 
      Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) expression and neuroinflammation 
      (Ionized calcium-binding adaptor protein-1; Iba-1) in hippocampal and piriform 
      cortex slices. The hippocampi of rats subjected to hypoxia during light 
      anaesthesia showed lower DCX positivity, and therefore lower neurogenesis, but 
      higher BDNF levels and microglia hyper-ramification. Exploration was reduced, but 
      no significant effect on NOR was observed. In the piriform cortex, higher DCX 
      positivity was observed, associated with neuroplasticity. All these effects were 
      attenuated by deep anaesthesia. Deepening anaesthesia attenuated the brain 
      changes associated with hypoxia. Hypoxia during light anaesthesia had a prolonged 
      effect on the brain, but no impairment in cognitive function was observed. 
      Although reduced hippocampal neurogenesis may be considered unfavourable, higher 
      BDNF expression, associated with microglia hyper-ramification may suggest 
      activation of repair mechanisms. Increased neuroplasticity observed in the 
      piriform cortex supports this, and might reflect a prolonged state of alertness 
      rather than damage.
FAU - Tasbihgou, Setayesh R
AU  - Tasbihgou SR
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-6147-6163
AD  - Department of Anaesthesiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of 
      Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
FAU - Netkova, Mina
AU  - Netkova M
AD  - Department of Anaesthesiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of 
      Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
FAU - Kalmar, Alain F
AU  - Kalmar AF
AD  - Department of Anaesthesiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of 
      Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
FAU - Doorduin, Janine
AU  - Doorduin J
AD  - Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, 
      Groningen, the Netherlands.
FAU - Struys, Michel M R F
AU  - Struys MMRF
AD  - Department of Anaesthesiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of 
      Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
AD  - Department of Anaesthesia, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium.
FAU - Schoemaker, Regien G
AU  - Schoemaker RG
AD  - Department of Molecular Neurobiology, GELIFES, University of Groningen, 
      Groningen, the Netherlands.
FAU - Absalom, Anthony R
AU  - Absalom AR
AD  - Department of Anaesthesiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of 
      Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20180216
PL  - United States
TA  - PLoS One
JT  - PloS one
JID - 101285081
SB  - IM
MH  - Anesthesia/*adverse effects
MH  - Animals
MH  - Brain/diagnostic imaging/*pathology
MH  - Doublecortin Protein
MH  - Hypoxia/*complications/etiology
MH  - Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain/diagnostic imaging/etiology/*prevention & control
MH  - Male
MH  - Positron-Emission Tomography
MH  - Rats
MH  - Rats, Wistar
PMC - PMC5815614
COIS- Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
EDAT- 2018/02/17 06:00
MHDA- 2018/05/24 06:00
PMCR- 2018/02/16
CRDT- 2018/02/17 06:00
PHST- 2017/09/28 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2018/02/02 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2018/02/17 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2018/02/17 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2018/05/24 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2018/02/16 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - PONE-D-17-35176 [pii]
AID - 10.1371/journal.pone.0193062 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - PLoS One. 2018 Feb 16;13(2):e0193062. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193062. 
      eCollection 2018.