PMID- 29510648 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE DCOM- 20190910 LR - 20190910 IS - 1744-411X (Electronic) IS - 1380-3395 (Linking) VI - 40 IP - 9 DP - 2018 Nov TI - Effects of physical activity on delayed memory measures in randomized controlled trials with nonclinical older, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia participants. PG - 874-886 LID - 10.1080/13803395.2018.1442815 [doi] AB - INTRODUCTION: Longitudinal studies have found that physical activity protects against Alzheimer disease, but the mechanism is unknown. The prevailing model derives from animal research and has physical activity directly affecting brain physiology by increasing brain volume, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and hippocampal neurogenesis with consequent gains in neuropsychological test scores. Supporting evidence has been mixed, with physical-activity-related gains across multiple neuropsychological domains considered indicative of the protective effect. Hippocampal-mediated delayed memory functioning is the first neurocognitive skill to be impaired in the early stages of Alzheimer disease, and physical-activity-related gains on delayed memory measures would provide the strongest support for the model. RESULTS: Review of 26 randomized controlled trials with nonclinical older, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia participants found only one with significant physical-activity-related gains in delayed memory compared to controls. This evidence does not support the physiological brain change model. Similarly, there is questionable support from those randomized controlled trials that have measured physical-activity-related brain volume and blood BDNF levels (neurogenesis having no valid labeling technique in living humans). CONCLUSION: Physical-activity-related protective effects against Alzheimer disease are likely mediated through pathways outside the central nervous system. FAU - Gasquoine, Philip Gerard AU - Gasquoine PG AD - a Department of Psychological Science , University of Texas Rio Grande Valley , Edinburg , TX , USA. LA - eng PT - Journal Article PT - Review DEP - 20180306 PL - England TA - J Clin Exp Neuropsychol JT - Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology JID - 8502170 SB - IM MH - Aged MH - Cognitive Dysfunction/physiopathology/psychology/*therapy MH - Dementia/physiopathology/psychology/*therapy MH - Exercise/physiology/*psychology MH - Exercise Therapy/methods/*psychology MH - Humans MH - Neuropsychological Tests MH - Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic MH - *Repression, Psychology OTO - NOTNLM OT - Aerobic exercise OT - brain-derived neurotrophic factor OT - hippocampal volume OT - neurogenesis OT - neuropsychological testing EDAT- 2018/03/08 06:00 MHDA- 2019/09/11 06:00 CRDT- 2018/03/08 06:00 PHST- 2018/03/08 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2019/09/11 06:00 [medline] PHST- 2018/03/08 06:00 [entrez] AID - 10.1080/13803395.2018.1442815 [doi] PST - ppublish SO - J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2018 Nov;40(9):874-886. doi: 10.1080/13803395.2018.1442815. Epub 2018 Mar 6.