PMID- 29572552 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE DCOM- 20190812 LR - 20240405 IS - 1476-5640 (Electronic) IS - 0954-3007 (Print) IS - 0954-3007 (Linking) VI - 72 IP - 12 DP - 2018 Dec TI - Dietary carbohydrates: a review of international recommendations and the methods used to derive them. PG - 1625-1643 LID - 10.1038/s41430-017-0035-4 [doi] AB - BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Renewed dietary recommendations for carbohydrates have recently been published by various international health authorities. The present work (1) reviews the methods and processes (systematic approach/review, inclusion of public consultation) used to identify, select and grade the evidence underpinning the recommendations, particularly for total carbohydrate (CHO), fibre and sugar consumption, and (2) examines the extent to which variation in the methods and processes applied relates to any differences in the final recommendations. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A search of WHO, US, Canada, Australia and European sources identified 19 documents from 13 authorities with the desired detailed information. Processes and methods applied to derive recommendations were compiled and compared. RESULTS: (1) A relatively high total CHO and fibre intake and limited intake of (added or free) sugars are generally recommended. (2) Even where recommendations are similar, the specific justifications for quantitative/qualitative recommendations differ across authorities. (3) Differences in recommendations mainly arise from differences in the underlying definitions of CHO exposure and classifications, the degree to which specific CHO-providing foods and food components were considered, and the choice and number of health outcomes selected. (4) Differences in the selection of source material, time frames or data aggregation and grading methods appeared to have minor influence. CONCLUSIONS: Despite general consistency, apparent differences among the recommendations of different authorities would likely be minimized by: (1) More explicit quantitative justifications for numerical recommendations and communication of uncertainty, and (2) greater international harmonization, particularly in the underlying definitions of exposures and range of relevant nutrition-related outcomes. FAU - Buyken, A E AU - Buyken AE AD - Institute of Nutrition, Consumption and Health, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University Paderborn, Paderborn, Germany. AD - DONALD Study Dortmund, Department of Nutritional Epidemiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany. FAU - Mela, D J AU - Mela DJ AD - Unilever R&D Vlaardingen, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands. FAU - Dussort, P AU - Dussort P AD - International Life Sciences Institute-ILSI Europe a.i.s.b.l., Avenue E. Mounier 83, Box 6, Brussels, Belgium. info@ilsieurope.be. FAU - Johnson, I T AU - Johnson IT AD - Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk, NR4 7UA, UK. FAU - Macdonald, I A AU - Macdonald IA AD - School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK. FAU - Stowell, J D AU - Stowell JD AD - DuPont Nutrition & Health, Danisco Ltd, Reigate, UK. FAU - Brouns, F J P H AU - Brouns FJPH AD - Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands. LA - eng PT - Journal Article PT - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't PT - Review DEP - 20180425 PL - England TA - Eur J Clin Nutr JT - European journal of clinical nutrition JID - 8804070 RN - 0 (Dietary Carbohydrates) MH - Dietary Carbohydrates/*standards MH - Humans MH - *Nutrition Policy MH - *Policy Making PMC - PMC6281563 COIS- This work was conducted by an expert group of the European branch of the International Life Sciences Institute, ILSI Europe. This publication was coordinated by the Dietary Carbohydrates Task Force. Authors DJM and JDS are employed by commercial organizations that manufacture carbohydrate-containing foods and beverages or ingredients used in making these. The expert group received funding from the ILSI Europe the Dietary Carbohydrates Task Force members. Industry members of this task force are listed on the ILSI Europe website at http://ilsi.eu/task-forces/nutrition/dietary-carbohydrates/. Experts are not paid for the time spent on this work; however, the non-industry members within the expert group were offered support for travel and accommodation costs from the Dietary Carbohydrates Task Force to attend a meeting to discuss the manuscript and a small compensatory sum (honoraria) with the option to decline. The research reported is the result of a scientific evaluation in line with ILSI Europe's framework to provide a precompetitive setting for public-private partnership (PPP). ILSI Europe facilitated scientific meetings and coordinated the overall project management and administrative tasks relating to the completion of this work. The opinions expressed herein and the conclusions of this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of ILSI Europe nor those of its member companies. EDAT- 2018/03/25 06:00 MHDA- 2019/08/14 06:00 PMCR- 2018/04/25 CRDT- 2018/03/25 06:00 PHST- 2017/04/06 00:00 [received] PHST- 2017/10/05 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2017/09/18 00:00 [revised] PHST- 2018/03/25 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2019/08/14 06:00 [medline] PHST- 2018/03/25 06:00 [entrez] PHST- 2018/04/25 00:00 [pmc-release] AID - 10.1038/s41430-017-0035-4 [pii] AID - 35 [pii] AID - 10.1038/s41430-017-0035-4 [doi] PST - ppublish SO - Eur J Clin Nutr. 2018 Dec;72(12):1625-1643. doi: 10.1038/s41430-017-0035-4. Epub 2018 Apr 25.