PMID- 29631540 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE DCOM- 20190208 LR - 20220321 IS - 1471-244X (Electronic) IS - 1471-244X (Linking) VI - 18 IP - 1 DP - 2018 Apr 10 TI - The effect of trauma and alcohol on the relationship between level of cytokines and depression among patients entering psychiatric treatment. PG - 95 LID - 10.1186/s12888-018-1677-z [doi] LID - 95 AB - BACKGROUND: Depression is associated with immunological responses as reflected by altered levels of circulating cytokines. Alcohol use and trauma may modulate immune activity, and few studies have investigated these factors in depressed patients. We aimed to explore the association between circulating peripheral cytokine levels and degree of depressive symptoms, taking trauma and alcohol into account. METHODS: The study was a cross-sectional assessment of patients at admission to a specialized psychiatric center in Norway. A total of 128 patients were included. Information was gathered using the self-administered questionnaires Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), in addition to clinical interviews recording childhood or adult life trauma. Serum levels of the cytokines Interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist (IL-1RA), Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and the chemokine Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1) were assessed. A Luminex bead-based multiplex assay was used for cytokine measurements. Patient cytokine levels were compared to those of healthy volunteers by the Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS: Levels of cytokines did not differ across patients with mild, moderate and severe depression. AUDIT score was not related to cytokine levels, but to level of depression. A history of trauma was related to higher levels of IL-1RA and TNF-alpha (p = 0.048 and p = 0.033, respectively), especially among the severely depressed. Serum levels of MCP-1 and TNF-alpha were significantly higher among psychiatric patients than in healthy volunteers. CONCLUSIONS: Findings indicate that depression was not related to levels of circulating cytokines among patients in treatment, but that traumatized patients had higher levels of IL-1RA and TNF-alpha than patients without trauma experience. The lack of relationship between cytokine level and depression was evident both in those without and with trauma. FAU - Toft, Helge AU - Toft H AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-1372-1870 AD - Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Health Disorders, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Post Box 104, Ottestad, N-2381, Brumunddal, Norway. helge.toft@sykehuset-innlandet.no. AD - Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. helge.toft@sykehuset-innlandet.no. FAU - Neupane, Sudan Prasad AU - Neupane SP AD - Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Health Disorders, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Post Box 104, Ottestad, N-2381, Brumunddal, Norway. AD - Norwegian Center for Addiction Research (SERAF), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. FAU - Bramness, Jorgen G AU - Bramness JG AD - Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Health Disorders, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Post Box 104, Ottestad, N-2381, Brumunddal, Norway. AD - Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromso, Tromso, Norway. FAU - Tilden, Terje AU - Tilden T AD - Research Institute, Modum Bad Psychiatric Center, Vikersund, Norway. FAU - Wampold, Bruce E AU - Wampold BE AD - Research Institute, Modum Bad Psychiatric Center, Vikersund, Norway. AD - University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA. FAU - Lien, Lars AU - Lien L AD - Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Health Disorders, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Post Box 104, Ottestad, N-2381, Brumunddal, Norway. AD - Department of Public Health, Hedmark University College, Elverum, Norway. LA - eng PT - Journal Article PT - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't DEP - 20180410 PL - England TA - BMC Psychiatry JT - BMC psychiatry JID - 100968559 RN - 0 (Cytokines) SB - IM MH - Adult MH - Adult Survivors of Child Abuse/*psychology MH - Alcoholism/*blood MH - Case-Control Studies MH - Cross-Sectional Studies MH - Cytokines/*blood MH - Depression/*blood/diagnosis/therapy MH - Female MH - Humans MH - *Life Change Events MH - Male MH - Mental Health Services MH - Middle Aged MH - Psychological Trauma/*blood MH - Psychotherapy PMC - PMC5891976 OTO - NOTNLM OT - Alcohol OT - Comorbidity OT - Cytokines OT - Depression OT - Immune activation OT - Trauma COIS- ETHICS APPROVAL AND CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE: All participants gave their written, informed consent before enrolment in the study. The study was approved by the South-Eastern Norway Regional Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics (Reference number 2014/2189). The Declaration of Helsinki was followed when this study was conducted. CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION: Not applicable. COMPETING INTERESTS: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. PUBLISHER'S NOTE: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. EDAT- 2018/04/11 06:00 MHDA- 2019/02/09 06:00 PMCR- 2018/04/10 CRDT- 2018/04/11 06:00 PHST- 2017/09/19 00:00 [received] PHST- 2018/03/27 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2018/04/11 06:00 [entrez] PHST- 2018/04/11 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2019/02/09 06:00 [medline] PHST- 2018/04/10 00:00 [pmc-release] AID - 10.1186/s12888-018-1677-z [pii] AID - 1677 [pii] AID - 10.1186/s12888-018-1677-z [doi] PST - epublish SO - BMC Psychiatry. 2018 Apr 10;18(1):95. doi: 10.1186/s12888-018-1677-z.