PMID- 29691823 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE DCOM- 20180814 LR - 20180814 IS - 0065-2598 (Print) IS - 0065-2598 (Linking) VI - 1058 DP - 2018 TI - Layered Scaffolds for Osteochondral Tissue Engineering. PG - 193-218 LID - 10.1007/978-3-319-76711-6_9 [doi] AB - Despite huge efforts, tissue engineers and orthopedic surgeons still face a great challenge to functionally repair osteochondral (OC) defects. Nevertheless, over the past decade great progress has been made to find suitables strategies towards OC regeneration. In the clinics, some osteochondral tissue engineering (OCTE) strategies have already been applied although with some incongruous outcomes as OC tissue is complex in its architecture and function. In this chapter, we have summarized current OCTE strategies that are focused on hierarchical scaffold design, mainly layered scaffolds. Most suitable candidates towards functional regeneration of OC tissues are envisaged from monophasic to layered scaffolds. Herein is documented a variety of strategies with their intrinsic properties for further application as bare scaffolds or in combination with biologics. Both in vitro and in vivo approaches have been thoroughly studied aiming at functional OC regeneration. The most noteworthy studies in OC regeneration developed within the past 5 years are herein documented as well as some current clinical trials. FAU - Pereira, Diana Ribeiro AU - Pereira DR AD - 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Barco, Portugal. AD - ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Barco, Guimaraes, Portugal. FAU - Reis, Rui L AU - Reis RL AD - 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Barco, Portugal. AD - ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Barco, Guimaraes, Portugal. AD - The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Headquarters at University of Minho, Barco, Guimaraes, Portugal. FAU - Oliveira, J Miguel AU - Oliveira JM AD - 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Barco, Portugal. miguel.oliveira@dep.uminho.pt. AD - ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Barco, Guimaraes, Portugal. miguel.oliveira@dep.uminho.pt. AD - The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Headquarters at University of Minho, Barco, Guimaraes, Portugal. miguel.oliveira@dep.uminho.pt. LA - eng PT - Journal Article PT - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't PT - Review PL - United States TA - Adv Exp Med Biol JT - Advances in experimental medicine and biology JID - 0121103 SB - IM MH - Animals MH - *Bone and Bones MH - *Cartilage MH - Humans MH - Tissue Engineering/*methods MH - Tissue Scaffolds/*chemistry OTO - NOTNLM OT - Functional OC regeneration OT - Hierarchical scaffolds OT - Multilayered scaffolds OT - Osteochondral defects OT - Tissue integration EDAT- 2018/04/25 06:00 MHDA- 2018/08/15 06:00 CRDT- 2018/04/26 06:00 PHST- 2018/04/26 06:00 [entrez] PHST- 2018/04/25 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2018/08/15 06:00 [medline] AID - 10.1007/978-3-319-76711-6_9 [doi] PST - ppublish SO - Adv Exp Med Biol. 2018;1058:193-218. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-76711-6_9.