PMID- 29709861
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20190122
LR  - 20190122
IS  - 1879-1026 (Electronic)
IS  - 0048-9697 (Linking)
VI  - 636
DP  - 2018 Sep 15
TI  - Ambient air quality and exposure assessment study of the Gulf Cooperation Council 
      countries: A critical review.
PG  - 437-448
LID - S0048-9697(18)31474-8 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.296 [doi]
AB  - With rapid urbanization and economic growth, many developing countries have faced 
      a greater share of air pollutants in recent years. An increasing number of 
      exposure studies on air pollutants have been reported lately. However, due to 
      lack of strict regulations and monitoring stations among developing countries, 
      such as Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, limited air pollution and 
      exposure assessment studies have been conducted in this region. Thus, the 
      objective of this critical review was to identify the major sources of air 
      pollutants in the region with hot and arid/semiarid climate for the main 
      categories contributing to specific pollutants. Finally, a summary of the 
      limitations and knowledge gaps were discussed. Additionally, the current 
      available regulations, emission inventories and source apportionment studies in 
      this region were discussed. In this study, the concentration levels of carbon 
      dioxide (CO(2)), carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter (PM), metal elements, 
      nitrogen oxides (NO(x)), ozone (O(3)), sulfur dioxide (SO(2)), volatile organic 
      compounds (VOCs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and persistent organic 
      pollutants (POPs) were reviewed. Due to lack of scientific studies, various 
      databases and indexed journals from early 2000 (sometimes prior that time) were 
      considered. The review findings clearly indicated that the sand, dust (natural 
      and anthropogenic, such as cement, metal, stone cutting industries), chemical 
      industries (refinery, petrochemical, etc.) and transportation activities were the 
      major contributors to the overall air pollution in the GCC countries. Besides, 
      the study recommended that the difference between anthropogenic pollution and 
      natural events in dust formation should be explored extensively. Furthermore, 
      possible suggestions for future researches in the region were proposed.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
FAU - Omidvarborna, Hamid
AU  - Omidvarborna H
AD  - Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, College of Engineering, Sultan 
      Qaboos University, P.O. Box 33, Al-Khodh, 123 Muscat, Oman.
FAU - Baawain, Mahad
AU  - Baawain M
AD  - Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, College of Engineering, Sultan 
      Qaboos University, P.O. Box 33, Al-Khodh, 123 Muscat, Oman. Electronic address: 
      msab@squ.edu.om.
FAU - Al-Mamun, Abdullah
AU  - Al-Mamun A
AD  - Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, College of Engineering, Sultan 
      Qaboos University, P.O. Box 33, Al-Khodh, 123 Muscat, Oman.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20180427
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Sci Total Environ
JT  - The Science of the total environment
JID - 0330500
RN  - 0 (Air Pollutants)
RN  - 0 (Particulate Matter)
RN  - 0UZA3422Q4 (Sulfur Dioxide)
RN  - 66H7ZZK23N (Ozone)
SB  - IM
MH  - Air Pollutants
MH  - Air Pollution/*statistics & numerical data
MH  - Environmental Exposure/*statistics & numerical data
MH  - Environmental Monitoring
MH  - Ozone
MH  - Particulate Matter
MH  - Sulfur Dioxide
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Air pollutants
OT  - Air quality
OT  - Climate change
OT  - Exposure assessment
OT  - Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)
OT  - Source apportionment
EDAT- 2018/05/02 06:00
MHDA- 2019/01/23 06:00
CRDT- 2018/05/01 06:00
PHST- 2018/01/31 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2018/03/22 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2018/04/22 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2018/05/02 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2019/01/23 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2018/05/01 06:00 [entrez]
AID - S0048-9697(18)31474-8 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.296 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Sci Total Environ. 2018 Sep 15;636:437-448. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.296. 
      Epub 2018 Apr 27.