PMID- 29747101
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20181029
LR  - 20181029
IS  - 1095-8630 (Electronic)
IS  - 0301-4797 (Linking)
VI  - 219
DP  - 2018 Aug 1
TI  - Evaluation of regulatory variation and theoretical health risk for pesticide 
      maximum residue limits in food.
PG  - 153-167
LID - S0301-4797(18)30449-3 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.04.067 [doi]
AB  - To evaluate whether pesticide maximum residue limits (MRLs) can protect public 
      health, a deterministic dietary risk assessment of maximum pesticide legal 
      exposure was conducted to convert global MRLs to theoretical maximum dose intake 
      (TMDI) values by estimating the average food intake rate and human body weight 
      for each country. A total of 114 nations (58% of the total nations in the world) 
      and two international organizations, including the European Union (EU) and Codex 
      (WHO) have regulated at least one of the most currently used pesticides in at 
      least one of the most consumed agricultural commodities. In this study, 14 of the 
      most commonly used pesticides and 12 of the most commonly consumed agricultural 
      commodities were identified and selected for analysis. A health risk analysis 
      indicated that nearly 30% of the computed pesticide TMDI values were greater than 
      the acceptable daily intake (ADI) values; however, many nations lack common 
      pesticide MRLs in many commonly consumed foods and other human exposure pathways, 
      such as soil, water, and air were not considered. Normality tests of the TMDI 
      values set indicated that all distributions had a right skewness due to large 
      TMDI clusters at the low end of the distribution, which were caused by some 
      strict pesticide MRLs regulated by the EU (normally a default MRL of 0.01 mg/kg 
      when essential data are missing). The Box-Cox transformation and optimal lambda 
      (lambda) were applied to these TMDI distributions, and normality tests of the 
      transformed data set indicated that the power transformed TMDI values of at least 
      eight pesticides presented a normal distribution. It was concluded that unifying 
      strict pesticide MRLs by nations worldwide could significantly skew the 
      distribution of TMDI values to the right, lower the legal exposure to pesticide, 
      and effectively control human health risks.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
FAU - Li, Zijian
AU  - Li Z
AD  - Department of Civil Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 
      44106, USA; Parsons Corporation, Chicago, IL 60606, USA. Electronic address: 
      zxl170@case.edu.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20180507
PL  - England
TA  - J Environ Manage
JT  - Journal of environmental management
JID - 0401664
RN  - 0 (Pesticide Residues)
RN  - 0 (Pesticides)
SB  - IM
MH  - Food
MH  - *Food Contamination
MH  - Humans
MH  - *Pesticide Residues
MH  - Pesticides
MH  - *Risk
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Good agricultural practice
OT  - Human health risk assessment
OT  - Maximum residue limit (MRL)
OT  - Pesticide
OT  - Public health
EDAT- 2018/05/11 06:00
MHDA- 2018/10/30 06:00
CRDT- 2018/05/11 06:00
PHST- 2017/12/20 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2018/02/24 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2018/04/15 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2018/05/11 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2018/10/30 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2018/05/11 06:00 [entrez]
AID - S0301-4797(18)30449-3 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.04.067 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - J Environ Manage. 2018 Aug 1;219:153-167. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.04.067. 
      Epub 2018 May 7.