PMID- 29856786 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE DCOM- 20181211 LR - 20231112 IS - 1932-6203 (Electronic) IS - 1932-6203 (Linking) VI - 13 IP - 6 DP - 2018 TI - Anthropometric features as predictors of atherogenic dyslipidemia and cardiovascular risk in a large population of school-aged children. PG - e0197922 LID - 10.1371/journal.pone.0197922 [doi] LID - e0197922 AB - BACKGROUND: Autopsy studies reveal that atherosclerosis lesions can be found as early as two years of age. To slow the development of this early pathology, obesity and dyslipidemia prevention should start from childhood making it urgent to explore new ways to evaluate dyslipidemia risk in children that can be applied widely, such as the non-invasive anthropometric evaluation. OBJECTIVE: Assess the metabolic profile of a pediatric population at a specific age to describe the association between anthropometric and biochemical cardiovascular disease risk factors; and evaluate selected anthropometric variables as potential predictors for dyslipidemic cardiovascular risk. DESIGN AND METHODS: Anthropometric features, bioimpedance parameters and fasting clinical profile were assessed in Lisbon and the Tagus Valley region pre-pubertal nine-year-old children (n = 1.496) from 2009-2013 in a descriptive, cross-sectional study. Anthropometric variables predictive power was evaluated through regression analysis. RESULTS: At least one abnormal lipid parameter was found in 65% of "normal weight", 73% of "overweight" and 81% of "obese" children according to the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) standards. Dyslipidemia was present in 67.8% of children. Waist-hip ratio (WHR) explained 0.4% of total cholesterol (TC) variance. Waist circumference (WC) explained 2.8% of apolipoprotein (APO) A1 variance. Waist-circumference-to-height-ratio (WHtR) explained 2.7%, 2.8% and 1.9% of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), APO B, and N_HDL-c variance, respectively. Children with abnormally high WHR levels had an increase in risk of 4.49, 3.40 and 5.30 times, respectively, for developing cardiovascular disease risk factors measured as high-risk levels of TC, LDL-c and non-HDL-c (N_HDL-c) (p<0.05). Only 29.9% of "normal weight" children had no anthropometric, bioimpedance or biochemical parameters associated with CV risk. CONCLUSION: A large proportion of school age children have at least one lipid profile abnormality. BMI, zBMI, calf circumference (CC), hip circumference (HC), WC, and WHR are directly associated with dyslipidemia, whereas HC and calf circumference (CC) adjusted to WC, and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), are all inversely associated with dyslipidemia. Selected anthropometric variables are likely to help predict increased odds of having CV risk factors. FAU - Furtado, Jose M AU - Furtado JM AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-7541-6305 AD - Centro de Genetica Medica e Nutricao Pediatrica Egas Moniz, Campus Universitario, Monte da Caparica, Portugal. AD - Instituto Universitario Egas Moniz, Campus Universitario, Monte da Caparica, Portugal. FAU - Almeida, Silvia M AU - Almeida SM AD - Centro de Genetica Medica e Nutricao Pediatrica Egas Moniz, Campus Universitario, Monte da Caparica, Portugal. AD - Instituto Universitario Egas Moniz, Campus Universitario, Monte da Caparica, Portugal. FAU - Mascarenhas, Paulo AU - Mascarenhas P AD - Centro de Genetica Medica e Nutricao Pediatrica Egas Moniz, Campus Universitario, Monte da Caparica, Portugal. AD - Instituto Universitario Egas Moniz, Campus Universitario, Monte da Caparica, Portugal. FAU - Ferraz, Maria E AU - Ferraz ME AD - Centro de Genetica Medica e Nutricao Pediatrica Egas Moniz, Campus Universitario, Monte da Caparica, Portugal. FAU - Ferreira, Jose C AU - Ferreira JC AD - Centro de Genetica Medica e Nutricao Pediatrica Egas Moniz, Campus Universitario, Monte da Caparica, Portugal. AD - Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of University of Medicine of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland. FAU - Vilanova, Manuel AU - Vilanova M AD - Instituto de Investigacao e Inovacao em Saude, and IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal. AD - Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal. FAU - Monteiro, Mariana P AU - Monteiro MP AD - Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology Group, Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine UMIB, ICBAS, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. FAU - Ferraz, Fernando P AU - Ferraz FP AD - Centro de Genetica Medica e Nutricao Pediatrica Egas Moniz, Campus Universitario, Monte da Caparica, Portugal. AD - Instituto Universitario Egas Moniz, Campus Universitario, Monte da Caparica, Portugal. LA - eng PT - Journal Article PT - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't DEP - 20180601 PL - United States TA - PLoS One JT - PloS one JID - 101285081 SB - IM MH - *Anthropometry MH - Atherosclerosis/*complications MH - Child MH - Dyslipidemias/*complications/*epidemiology MH - Female MH - Humans MH - Male MH - Risk Assessment MH - *Schools PMC - PMC5983423 COIS- The authors declared no conflicts of interest. EDAT- 2018/06/02 06:00 MHDA- 2018/12/12 06:00 PMCR- 2018/06/01 CRDT- 2018/06/02 06:00 PHST- 2017/07/07 00:00 [received] PHST- 2018/05/10 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2018/06/02 06:00 [entrez] PHST- 2018/06/02 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2018/12/12 06:00 [medline] PHST- 2018/06/01 00:00 [pmc-release] AID - PONE-D-17-25687 [pii] AID - 10.1371/journal.pone.0197922 [doi] PST - epublish SO - PLoS One. 2018 Jun 1;13(6):e0197922. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197922. eCollection 2018.