PMID- 29863233
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20191114
LR  - 20191114
IS  - 2284-0729 (Electronic)
IS  - 1128-3602 (Linking)
VI  - 22
IP  - 10
DP  - 2018 May
TI  - Safety evaluation of subretinal injection of trypan blue in rats.
PG  - 2923-2933
LID - 15046 [pii]
LID - 10.26355/eurrev_201805_15046 [doi]
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the appropriate concentration of trypan blue (TB) for 
      subretinal injection in a rat model and to provide a safety profile that limits 
      retinal toxicity while maintaining dye visibility. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Adult 
      rats were subretinally injected with various concentrations of either TB or 
      phosphate-buffered saline (PBS); rats which received sham injections served as an 
      additional control. The injected areas were visualized under a surgical 
      microscope. Electroretinography (ERG) was performed to measure retinal function. 
      Animals were then sacrificed, and the eyes were sectioned and examined by light 
      microscopy. Terminal deoxynucleotidy1 transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) 
      was applied to determine retinal apoptosis. RESULTS: One day after the subretinal 
      injection, TB stains were visible under the surgical microscope in the 0.2%, 
      0.08%, and 0.04% TB-injected groups, but not in the 0.02% TB-injected group. TB 
      stain was detectable in the retina and sclera of the 0.2%, 0.08%, and 0.04% 
      TB-injected groups for over 2 weeks after injection. However, the amplitudes of 
      ERGa- and b-waves were affected and became significantly lower in the 0.2% 
      TB-injected group than the amplitudes in the PBS-, or sham-injected group. 
      Moreover, TUNEL+ cells appeared in the outer nuclear layer (ONL), ganglion cell 
      layer (GCL), and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) layer of the 0.2% and 0.08% 
      TB-injected groups at 1 and 7 days after subretinal injection. In contrast, very 
      few TUNEL+ cells were found in the 0.04% TB- or PBS-injected group. Two weeks 
      after injection, the ONL was significantly thinner in the 0.2% TB-injected group 
      than in the 0.04% TB-, PBS- or sham-injected group. CONCLUSIONS: TB injection 
      induces a dose-dependent neurotoxic effect on retinal cells. Subretinal injection 
      of 0.04% TB is relatively safe and effective for subretinal staining.
FAU - Fang, Y
AU  - Fang Y
AD  - Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan 
      University, Shanghai, China. xhsun@shmu.edu.cn.
FAU - Yao, X-Q
AU  - Yao XQ
FAU - Niu, L-L
AU  - Niu LL
FAU - Wu, J-H
AU  - Wu JH
FAU - Thee, E F
AU  - Thee EF
FAU - Chen, D-F
AU  - Chen DF
FAU - Chen, J-Y
AU  - Chen JY
FAU - Sun, X-H
AU  - Sun XH
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PL  - Italy
TA  - Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci
JT  - European review for medical and pharmacological sciences
JID - 9717360
RN  - I2ZWO3LS3M (Trypan Blue)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Apoptosis/drug effects
MH  - Electroretinography/*methods
MH  - In Situ Nick-End Labeling
MH  - Injections
MH  - Rats
MH  - Retina/*drug effects/pathology
MH  - Staining and Labeling
MH  - Trypan Blue/administration & dosage/*adverse effects
EDAT- 2018/06/05 06:00
MHDA- 2019/11/15 06:00
CRDT- 2018/06/05 06:00
PHST- 2018/06/05 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2018/06/05 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2019/11/15 06:00 [medline]
AID - 15046 [pii]
AID - 10.26355/eurrev_201805_15046 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2018 May;22(10):2923-2933. doi: 
      10.26355/eurrev_201805_15046.