PMID- 29895492
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20180702
LR  - 20220408
IS  - 1618-095X (Electronic)
IS  - 0944-7113 (Linking)
VI  - 44
DP  - 2018 May 15
TI  - Anti-neuroinflammatory effects of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb761 in LPS-activated 
      primary microglial cells.
PG  - 45-55
LID - S0944-7113(18)30109-0 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.04.009 [doi]
AB  - BACKGROUND: Neuroinflammation is a key factor of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and 
      other neurodegenerative conditions. Microglia are the resident mononuclear immune 
      cells of the central nervous system (CNS). They play an essential role in the 
      maintenance of homeostasis and responses to neuroinflammation. Ginkgo biloba 
      extract EGb 761 is one of the most commonly used natural medicines owing to its 
      established efficacy and remarkable biological activities especially in respect 
      to CNS diseases. However, only few studies have addressed the effects and 
      mechanisms of Ginkgo biloba extract in microglia activation. METHODS: We measured 
      the production of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines by ELISA and analyzed 
      gene expressions by qRT-PCR and Western Blot in LPS treated cultured primary rat 
      microglia. RESULTS: The Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 significantly inhibited the 
      release of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and differentially regulated the levels of 
      pro-inflammatory cytokines. The inhibition of LPS-induced PGE(2) release in 
      primary microglia was partially dependent on reduced protein synthesis of mPGES-1 
      and the reduction in the activation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) without 
      altering COX-2 enzymatic activity, inhibitor of kappa B alpha (IkappaBalpha) 
      degradation, and the activation of multiple mitogen activated protein kinases 
      (MAPKs). Altogether, we showed that EGb 761 reduces neuro-inflammatory activation 
      in primary microglial cells by targeting PGE(2) release and cytokines. 
      CONCLUSION: Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 displayed anti-neuroinflammatory 
      activity in LPS-activated primary microglia cells. EGb 761 was able to reduce 
      neuroinflammatory activation by targeting the COX/PGE(2) pathway. This effect 
      might contribute to the established clinical cognitive efficacy in Alzheimer's 
      disease, vascular and mixed dementia.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier GmbH.. All rights reserved.
FAU - Gargouri, Brahim
AU  - Gargouri B
AD  - Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and 
      Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, 
      University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 5, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
FAU - Carstensen, Johanna
AU  - Carstensen J
AD  - Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and 
      Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, 
      University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 5, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
FAU - Bhatia, Harsharan S
AU  - Bhatia HS
AD  - Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and 
      Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, 
      University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 5, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
FAU - Huell, Michael
AU  - Huell M
AD  - Zentrum fur Psychiatrie Emmendingen, Neubronnstr. 25, 79312 Emmendingen, Germany.
FAU - Dietz, Gunnar P H
AU  - Dietz GPH
AD  - Dr. Willmar Schwabe GmbH & Co. KG, Bunsenstr. 6-10, 76275 Ettlingen, Germany.
FAU - Fiebich, Bernd L
AU  - Fiebich BL
AD  - Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and 
      Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, 
      University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 5, 79104 Freiburg, Germany. Electronic 
      address: bernd.fiebich@uniklinik-freiburg.de.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20180406
PL  - Germany
TA  - Phytomedicine
JT  - Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology
JID - 9438794
RN  - 0 (Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal)
RN  - 0 (Cytokines)
RN  - 0 (I-kappa B Proteins)
RN  - 0 (Lipopolysaccharides)
RN  - 0 (Plant Extracts)
RN  - 19FUJ2C58T (Ginkgo biloba extract)
RN  - 27415-26-5 (8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha)
RN  - B7IN85G1HY (Dinoprost)
RN  - EC 1.14.99.1 (Cyclooxygenase 2)
RN  - EC 1.14.99.1 (Ptgs2 protein, rat)
RN  - EC 2.7.11.24 (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases)
RN  - EC 3.1.1.4 (Group IV Phospholipases A2)
RN  - K7Q1JQR04M (Dinoprostone)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/*pharmacology
MH  - Cells, Cultured
MH  - Cyclooxygenase 2/metabolism
MH  - Cytokines/metabolism
MH  - Dinoprost/analogs & derivatives/metabolism
MH  - Dinoprostone/metabolism
MH  - Ginkgo biloba
MH  - Group IV Phospholipases A2/metabolism
MH  - I-kappa B Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism
MH  - Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
MH  - Microglia/*drug effects/metabolism/pathology
MH  - Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
MH  - Plant Extracts/*pharmacology
MH  - Rats
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Alzheimer's disease
OT  - Cyclooxygenase
OT  - Cytokines
OT  - Neurodegeneration
OT  - Neuroinflammation
OT  - Prostaglandin E(2)
EDAT- 2018/06/14 06:00
MHDA- 2018/07/03 06:00
CRDT- 2018/06/14 06:00
PHST- 2017/12/11 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2018/02/15 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2018/04/04 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2018/06/14 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2018/06/14 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2018/07/03 06:00 [medline]
AID - S0944-7113(18)30109-0 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.04.009 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Phytomedicine. 2018 May 15;44:45-55. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.04.009. Epub 2018 
      Apr 6.