PMID- 29924828
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20181227
LR  - 20181227
IS  - 1932-6203 (Electronic)
IS  - 1932-6203 (Linking)
VI  - 13
IP  - 6
DP  - 2018
TI  - Factors which contributed for low quality sputum smears for the detection of acid 
      fast bacilli (AFB) at selected health centers in Ethiopia: A quality control 
      perspective.
PG  - e0198947
LID - 10.1371/journal.pone.0198947 [doi]
LID - e0198947
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Quality of tuberculosis (TB) microscopy diagnosis is not a guarantee 
      despite implementation of External Quality Assurance (EQA) service in all 
      laboratories of health facilities. Hence, we aimed at evaluating the technical 
      quality and the findings of sputum smear microscopy for acid fast bacilli (AFB) 
      at health centers in Hararge Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. METHODS: A 
      cross-sectional study was carried out between July 8, 2014 and July 7, 2015.A 
      pre-tested structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Lot Quality 
      Assurance Sampling (LQAS) method was put into practice for collecting all 
      necessary sample slides. Data were analyzed by using SPSS (Statistical Package 
      for Social Sciences) version 20 software. P-value < 0.05 was considered as 
      statistically significant. RESULTS: Of the total55 health center laboratories 
      which had been assessed during the study period, 20 (36.4%) had major technical 
      errors; 13 (23.6%) had 15 false negative results and 17 (30.9%) had 22 false 
      positive results. Moreover, poor specimen quality, smear size, smear thickness, 
      staining and evenness were indicated in 40 (72.7%), 39 (70.9%), 37 (67.3%), 
      27(49.1%) and 37 (67.3%) of the collected samples, respectively. False negative 
      AFB findings were significantly associated with lack of Internal Quality Control 
      (IQC) measures (AOR (Adjusted Odds Ratio): 2.90 (95% CI (Confidence Interval): 
      1.25,6.75) and poor staining procedures (AOR: 2.16(95% CI: 1.01, 5.11). 
      CONCLUSIONS: The qualities of AFB smear microscopy reading and smearing were low 
      in most of the laboratories of the health centers. Therefore, it is essential to 
      strength EQA program through building the capacity of laboratory professionals.
FAU - Mekonen, Ayehu
AU  - Mekonen A
AD  - Management Science for Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
FAU - Ayele, Yeshi
AU  - Ayele Y
AD  - West HarargheZonal Health Department, TB and HIV Case Team, Chiro, Ethiopia.
FAU - Berhan, Yifru
AU  - Berhan Y
AD  - College of Health Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
FAU - Woldeyohannes, Desalegn
AU  - Woldeyohannes D
AD  - Department of Animal Health and Zoonoses, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, 
      Addis Ababa University, College of Health Science, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
FAU - Erku, Woldaregay
AU  - Erku W
AD  - Department of Medical Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology, Addis Ababa 
      University, College of Health Science, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
FAU - Sisay, Solomon
AU  - Sisay S
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-1965-2837
AD  - Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20180620
PL  - United States
TA  - PLoS One
JT  - PloS one
JID - 101285081
SB  - IM
MH  - Bacteriological Techniques/*methods
MH  - Confidence Intervals
MH  - Cross-Sectional Studies
MH  - Ethiopia/epidemiology
MH  - False Negative Reactions
MH  - False Positive Reactions
MH  - Humans
MH  - Laboratories/standards/*statistics & numerical data
MH  - Microscopy/methods
MH  - Mycobacterium tuberculosis/*isolation & purification
MH  - Odds Ratio
MH  - Quality Assurance, Health Care/organization & administration
MH  - *Quality Control
MH  - Quality Improvement/organization & administration
MH  - Specimen Handling/methods
MH  - Sputum/*microbiology
MH  - Tuberculosis/*diagnosis/epidemiology/microbiology
PMC - PMC6010281
COIS- The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
EDAT- 2018/06/21 06:00
MHDA- 2018/12/28 06:00
PMCR- 2018/06/20
CRDT- 2018/06/21 06:00
PHST- 2017/12/20 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2018/05/29 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2018/06/21 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2018/06/21 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2018/12/28 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2018/06/20 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - PONE-D-17-39916 [pii]
AID - 10.1371/journal.pone.0198947 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - PLoS One. 2018 Jun 20;13(6):e0198947. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198947. 
      eCollection 2018.