PMID- 29948709
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20190114
LR  - 20211224
IS  - 1614-7499 (Electronic)
IS  - 0944-1344 (Linking)
VI  - 25
IP  - 24
DP  - 2018 Aug
TI  - Combustion performance and exhaust emissions fuelled with non-surfactant 
      water-in-diesel emulsion fuel made from different water sources.
PG  - 24266-24280
LID - 10.1007/s11356-018-2492-2 [doi]
AB  - Non-surfactant water-in-diesel emulsion fuel (NWD) is an alternative fuel that 
      has the potential to reduce major exhaust emissions while simultaneously 
      improving the combustion performance of a diesel engine. NWD comprises of diesel 
      fuel and water (about 5% in volume) without any additional surfactants. This 
      emulsion fuel is produced through an in-line mixing system that is installed very 
      close to the diesel engine. This study focuses mainly on the performance and 
      emission of diesel engine fuelled with NWD made from different water sources. The 
      engine used in this study is a direct injection diesel engine with loads varying 
      from 1 to 4 kW. The result shows that NWD made from tap water helps the engine to 
      reduce nitrogen oxide (NO(x)) by 32%. Rainwater reduced it by 29% and seawater by 
      19%. In addition, all NWDs show significant improvements in engine performance as 
      compared to diesel fuel, especially in the specific fuel consumption that 
      indicates an average reduction of 6%. It is observed that all NWDs show 
      compelling positive effects on engine performance, which is caused by the optimum 
      water droplet size inside NWD.
FAU - Ahmad, Mohamad Azrin
AU  - Ahmad MA
AD  - Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi 
      Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
FAU - Yahya, Wira Jazair
AU  - Yahya WJ
AD  - Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi 
      Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. wira@utm.my.
FAU - Ithnin, Ahmad Muhsin
AU  - Ithnin AM
AD  - Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi 
      Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
FAU - Hasannuddin, A K
AU  - Hasannuddin AK
AD  - Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi 
      Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
FAU - Bakar, Muhammad Aiman Abu
AU  - Bakar MAA
AD  - Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi 
      Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
FAU - Fatah, Abdul Yasser Abd
AU  - Fatah AYA
AD  - UTM Razak School of Engineering and Advanced Technology, Universiti Teknologi 
      Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
FAU - Sidik, Nor Azwadi Che
AU  - Sidik NAC
AD  - Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi 
      Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
FAU - Noge, Hirofumi
AU  - Noge H
AD  - Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Maizuru 
      College, 234 Aza Shiroya, Maizuru, Kyoto, 625-8511, Japan.
LA  - eng
GR  - Q.K130000.2743.02K53/Grant PAS UTM/
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20180614
PL  - Germany
TA  - Environ Sci Pollut Res Int
JT  - Environmental science and pollution research international
JID - 9441769
RN  - 0 (Emulsions)
RN  - 0 (Gasoline)
RN  - 0 (Nitrogen Oxides)
RN  - 0 (Surface-Active Agents)
RN  - 0 (Vehicle Emissions)
RN  - 059QF0KO0R (Water)
SB  - IM
MH  - Emulsions/*chemistry
MH  - Equipment Design
MH  - *Gasoline
MH  - Motor Vehicles
MH  - Nitrogen Oxides/analysis
MH  - Rain
MH  - Seawater
MH  - Surface-Active Agents/chemistry
MH  - Vehicle Emissions/*analysis
MH  - Water/*chemistry
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Different water sources
OT  - Droplets size
OT  - Engine performance
OT  - Exhaust emission
OT  - Non-surfactant water-in-diesel emulsion fuel (NWD)
EDAT- 2018/06/28 06:00
MHDA- 2019/01/15 06:00
CRDT- 2018/06/28 06:00
PHST- 2018/02/22 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2018/06/04 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2018/06/28 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2019/01/15 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2018/06/28 06:00 [entrez]
AID - 10.1007/s11356-018-2492-2 [pii]
AID - 10.1007/s11356-018-2492-2 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2018 Aug;25(24):24266-24280. doi: 
      10.1007/s11356-018-2492-2. Epub 2018 Jun 14.