PMID- 29981022 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE DCOM- 20181228 LR - 20181228 IS - 1614-7499 (Electronic) IS - 0944-1344 (Linking) VI - 25 IP - 26 DP - 2018 Sep TI - Status, sources and contamination levels of organochlorine pesticide residues in urban and agricultural areas: a preliminary review in central-southern Italian soils. PG - 26361-26382 LID - 10.1007/s11356-018-2688-5 [doi] AB - Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are synthetic chemicals commonly used in agricultural activities to kill pests and are persistent organic pollutants (POPs). They can be detected in different environmental media, but soil is considered an important reservoir due to its retention capacity. Many different types of OCPs exist, which can have different origins and pathways in the environment. It is therefore important to study their distribution and behaviour in the environment, starting to build a picture of the potential human health risk in different contexts. This study aimed at investigating the regional distribution, possible sources and contamination levels of 24 OCP compounds in urban and rural soils from central and southern Italy. One hundred and forty-eight topsoil samples (0-20 cm top layer) from 78 urban and 70 rural areas in 11 administrative regions were collected and analysed by gas chromatography-electron capture detector (GC-ECD). Total OCP residues in soils ranged from nd (no detected) to 1043 ng/g with a mean of 29.91 ng/g and from nd to 1914 ng/g with a mean of 60.16 ng/g in urban and rural area, respectively. Endosulfan was the prevailing OCP in urban areas, followed by DDTs, Drins, Methoxychlor, HCHs, Chlordane-related compounds and HCB. In rural areas, the order of concentrations was Drins > DDTs > Methoxychlor > Endosulfans > HCHs > Chlordanes > HCB. Diagnostic ratios and robust multivariate analyses revealed that DDT in soils could be related to historical application, whilst (illegal) use of technical DDT or dicofol may still occur in some urban areas. HCH residues could be related to both historical use and recent application, whilst there was evidence that modest (yet significant) application of commercial technical HCH may still be happening in urban areas. Drins and Chlordane compounds appeared to be mostly related to historical application, whilst Endosulfan presented a complex mix of results, indicating mainly historical origin in rural areas as well as potential recent applications on urban areas. Contamination levels were quantified by Soil Quality Index (SoQI), identifying high levels in rural areas of Campania and Apulia, possibly due to the intensive nature of some agricultural practices in those regions (e.g., vineyards and olive plantations). The results from this study (which is in progress in the remaining regions of Italy) will provide an invaluable baseline for OCP distribution in Italy and a powerful argument for follow-up studies in contaminated areas. It is also hoped that similar studies will eventually constitute enough evidence to push towards an institutional response for more adequate regulation as well as a full ratification of the Stockholm Convention. FAU - Thiombane, Matar AU - Thiombane M AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-6546-7926 AD - Department of Earth, Environment and Resources Sciences (DiSTAR), University of Naples "Federico II," Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant' Angelo, Via Cintia snc, 80126, Naples, Italy. thiombane.matar@unina.it. FAU - Petrik, Attila AU - Petrik A AD - Department of Earth, Environment and Resources Sciences (DiSTAR), University of Naples "Federico II," Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant' Angelo, Via Cintia snc, 80126, Naples, Italy. FAU - Di Bonito, Marcello AU - Di Bonito M AD - School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Brackenhurst Campus, Southwell, NG25 0QF, UK. FAU - Albanese, Stefano AU - Albanese S AD - Department of Earth, Environment and Resources Sciences (DiSTAR), University of Naples "Federico II," Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant' Angelo, Via Cintia snc, 80126, Naples, Italy. FAU - Zuzolo, Daniela AU - Zuzolo D AD - Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, via dei Mulini 59/A, 82100, Benevento, Italy. FAU - Cicchella, Domenico AU - Cicchella D AD - Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, via dei Mulini 59/A, 82100, Benevento, Italy. FAU - Lima, Annamaria AU - Lima A AD - Department of Earth, Environment and Resources Sciences (DiSTAR), University of Naples "Federico II," Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant' Angelo, Via Cintia snc, 80126, Naples, Italy. FAU - Qu, Chengkai AU - Qu C AD - Department of Earth, Environment and Resources Sciences (DiSTAR), University of Naples "Federico II," Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant' Angelo, Via Cintia snc, 80126, Naples, Italy. FAU - Qi, Shihua AU - Qi S AD - State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, 430074, Wuhan, People's Republic of China. FAU - De Vivo, Benedetto AU - De Vivo B AD - Pegaso University, Piazza Trieste e Trento 48, 80132, Naples, Italy. AD - Benecon Scarl, Dip. Ambiente e Territorio, Via S. Maria di Costantinopoli 104, 80138, Naples, Italy. LA - eng GR - PON01_01966/MIUR/ PT - Comparative Study PT - Journal Article DEP - 20180706 PL - Germany TA - Environ Sci Pollut Res Int JT - Environmental science and pollution research international JID - 9441769 RN - 0 (Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated) RN - 0 (Pesticide Residues) RN - 0 (Pesticides) RN - 0 (Soil) RN - 0 (Soil Pollutants) RN - 12789-03-6 (Chlordan) RN - OKA6A6ZD4K (Endosulfan) SB - IM MH - Agriculture MH - Chlordan/analysis MH - Chromatography, Gas MH - Cities/statistics & numerical data MH - Endosulfan/analysis MH - Environmental Monitoring MH - Humans MH - Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated/*analysis MH - Italy MH - Pesticide Residues/*analysis MH - Pesticides/analysis MH - Soil/chemistry MH - Soil Pollutants/*analysis OTO - NOTNLM OT - Contamination OT - Diagnostic ratios OT - Italian soils OT - Multivariate analysis OT - Organochlorine pesticides OT - Soil quality index EDAT- 2018/07/08 06:00 MHDA- 2018/12/29 06:00 CRDT- 2018/07/08 06:00 PHST- 2018/03/18 00:00 [received] PHST- 2018/07/02 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2018/07/08 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2018/12/29 06:00 [medline] PHST- 2018/07/08 06:00 [entrez] AID - 10.1007/s11356-018-2688-5 [pii] AID - 10.1007/s11356-018-2688-5 [doi] PST - ppublish SO - Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2018 Sep;25(26):26361-26382. doi: 10.1007/s11356-018-2688-5. Epub 2018 Jul 6.