PMID- 30001302
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20190626
LR  - 20221207
IS  - 1175-8716 (Electronic)
IS  - 0028-8446 (Linking)
VI  - 131
IP  - 1478
DP  - 2018 Jul 13
TI  - Comparing methamphetamine, MDMA, cocaine, codeine and methadone use between the 
      Auckland region and four Australian states using wastewater-based epidemiology 
      (WBE).
PG  - 12-20
AB  - AIMS: To compare levels of drug use in Auckland with four Australian major cities 
      using wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE). METHODS: A week of daily wastewater 
      samples were selected from two Auckland and eight Australian urban wastewater 
      treatment plants (WWTPs) during 2014 and 2015. Samples were analysed for drug 
      residues using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Consumption of 
      methamphetamine, methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), cocaine, codeine and 
      methadone (mg/day/1,000 people) was estimated for each WWTP from mass loads using 
      an internationally validated back-calculation formula. RESULTS: Cocaine was not 
      detected at either of the two Auckland WTTPs, and MDMA was detected on only one 
      day of the sampled week in each of the Auckland WWTPs. In contrast, cocaine and 
      MDMA was detected on every day at all eight Australian WWTPs. Methamphetamine was 
      detected on every day at both the New Zealand and Australian WWTPs. Levels of 
      methamphetamine consumption at the Auckland WWTPs were lower than five of the 
      Australian WWTPs. Lower levels of codeine and methadone consumption were detected 
      in Auckland than Australian sites. CONCLUSIONS: MDMA and cocaine use is low in 
      Auckland compared to sampled Australia cities. Both Auckland and the selected 
      Australian cities have significant methamphetamine problems compared to many 
      European cities.
FAU - Wilkins, Chris
AU  - Wilkins C
AD  - Drug Research Team Leader, SHORE & Whariki Research Centre, College of Health, 
      Massey University.
FAU - Lai, Foon Yin
AU  - Lai FY
AD  - Honorary Research Fellow, Marie Sklodowska-Curie Fellow (EU Commission), 
      Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of 
      Queensland, Australia; Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical 
      Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium.
FAU - O'Brien, Jake
AU  - O'Brien J
AD  - Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health 
      Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Australia.
FAU - Thai, Phong
AU  - Thai P
AD  - Research Fellow, International Laboratory for Air Quality & Health, Queensland 
      University of Technology, Australia.
FAU - Mueller, Jochen F
AU  - Mueller JF
AD  - Group Leader, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The 
      University of Queensland, Australia.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20180713
PL  - New Zealand
TA  - N Z Med J
JT  - The New Zealand medical journal
JID - 0401067
RN  - 0 (Waste Water)
RN  - 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical)
RN  - 44RAL3456C (Methamphetamine)
RN  - I5Y540LHVR (Cocaine)
RN  - KE1SEN21RM (N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine)
RN  - UC6VBE7V1Z (Methadone)
RN  - UX6OWY2V7J (Codeine)
SB  - IM
MH  - Australia/epidemiology
MH  - Chromatography, Liquid
MH  - Cities
MH  - Cocaine/analysis
MH  - Codeine/analysis
MH  - Humans
MH  - Methadone/analysis
MH  - Methamphetamine/analysis
MH  - N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine
MH  - New Zealand/epidemiology
MH  - Substance-Related Disorders/*epidemiology
MH  - Tandem Mass Spectrometry
MH  - Wastewater/*analysis
MH  - Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis
COIS- Nil.
EDAT- 2018/07/13 06:00
MHDA- 2019/06/27 06:00
CRDT- 2018/07/13 06:00
PHST- 2018/07/13 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2018/07/13 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2019/06/27 06:00 [medline]
PST - epublish
SO  - N Z Med J. 2018 Jul 13;131(1478):12-20.