PMID- 30018656 OWN - NLM STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE LR - 20201001 IS - 1741-427X (Print) IS - 1741-4288 (Electronic) IS - 1741-427X (Linking) VI - 2018 DP - 2018 TI - Gypenosides Attenuate Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Neuroinflammation and Memory Impairment in Rats. PG - 4183670 LID - 10.1155/2018/4183670 [doi] LID - 4183670 AB - Neuroinflammation is deliberated a major factor in various neurodegenerative diseases. Gypenosides (GPS) have pharmacological properties with multiple beneficial effects including anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and protective properties. In the present study, whether GPS could improve cognitive dysfunction and chronic inflammation caused by injecting lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the hippocampus was investigated. Effects of GPS on inflammatory factors in the hippocampus and the downstream mechanisms of these effects were also examined. Induction of LPS into the lateral ventricle caused inflammatory reactions and memory impairment on the rats. Every day treatment of GPS (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) for 21 consecutive days attenuated spatial recognition, discrimination, and memory deficits. GPS treatment significantly decreased proinflammatory mediators such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) levels in the brain. Furthermore, GPS reduced LPS-induced elevated levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) mRNA and inhibition of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA level. Collectively, these results showed that GPS may improve cognitive function and provide a potential therapy for memory impairment caused by neuroinflammation. Based on these, GPS may be effective in inhibiting the progress of neurodegenerative diseases by improving memory functions due to its anti-inflammatory activities and appropriate modulation of NF-kappaB/iNOS/TLR4/BDNF. FAU - Lee, Bombi AU - Lee B AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-8447-9941 AD - Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea. FAU - Shim, Insop AU - Shim I AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-8014-9782 AD - Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea. FAU - Lee, Hyejung AU - Lee H AD - Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea. LA - eng PT - Journal Article DEP - 20180619 PL - United States TA - Evid Based Complement Alternat Med JT - Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM JID - 101215021 PMC - PMC6029442 EDAT- 2018/07/19 06:00 MHDA- 2018/07/19 06:01 PMCR- 2018/06/19 CRDT- 2018/07/19 06:00 PHST- 2018/01/03 00:00 [received] PHST- 2018/05/24 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2018/07/19 06:00 [entrez] PHST- 2018/07/19 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2018/07/19 06:01 [medline] PHST- 2018/06/19 00:00 [pmc-release] AID - 10.1155/2018/4183670 [doi] PST - epublish SO - Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2018 Jun 19;2018:4183670. doi: 10.1155/2018/4183670. eCollection 2018.