PMID- 30051170
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20200212
LR  - 20200225
IS  - 1436-6215 (Electronic)
IS  - 1436-6207 (Linking)
VI  - 58
IP  - 6
DP  - 2019 Sep
TI  - A cross-sectional study of fatty acids and brain-derived neurotrophic factor 
      (BDNF) in human milk from lactating women following vegan, vegetarian, and 
      omnivore diets.
PG  - 2401-2410
LID - 10.1007/s00394-018-1793-z [doi]
AB  - PURPOSE: Essential fatty acids are critical for brain growth and neurodevelopment 
      in infancy. Maternal diet and supplement use have a significant impact on the fat 
      composition of human milk. The objective of this study is to assess supplement 
      utilization patterns and fatty acid and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) 
      concentrations in the breast milk of women following vegan, vegetarian, and 
      omnivore diet patterns. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional, observational study 
      of 74 lactating women in the United States following a vegan (n = 26), vegetarian 
      (n = 22), or omnivore (n = 26) diet pattern. A single breast milk sample was 
      collected from each participant and assessed for fatty acids and BDNF. RESULTS: 
      Median unsaturated fatty acids in the breast milk of vegan, vegetarian, and 
      omnivores, as a percentage of total fatty acids, was 66.0, 57.8, and 56.2%, 
      respectively (p < 0.001). Total omega-3 percentages were 2.29% for vegans, 1.55% 
      for vegetarians, and 1.46% for omnivores (p < 0.001). Docosahexaenoic acid 
      percentages were not different by diet pattern, but over 80% of participants had 
      milk concentrations below 0.30% of total fatty acids. Reports of omega-3 
      supplements use (10/74) and weekly seafood consumption (3/74) were limited. BDNF 
      was not detectable in any samples. CONCLUSIONS: Breast milk from vegans had 
      significantly higher unsaturated fat and total omega-3 fats, and lower saturated 
      fats, trans fats, and omega-6 to omega-3 ratios than their vegetarian and 
      omnivore counterparts. Docosahexaenoic acid concentrations in breast milk were 
      low regardless of maternal diet pattern, and were reflective of low seafood 
      intake and supplement use.
FAU - Perrin, Maryanne T
AU  - Perrin MT
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-1645-8310
AD  - Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina Greensboro, 318 College 
      Avenue, Greensboro, NC, 27412, USA. mtperrin@uncg.edu.
FAU - Pawlak, Roman
AU  - Pawlak R
AD  - Department of Nutrition Science, East Carolina University, Health Sciences 
      Building, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA.
FAU - Dean, Lisa L
AU  - Dean LL
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-2407-9548
AD  - Market Quality and Handling Research Unit, USDA/Agricultural Research Service, 
      Southeast Area (LLD), 400 Dan Allen Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA.
FAU - Christis, Amber
AU  - Christis A
AD  - Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina Greensboro, 318 College 
      Avenue, Greensboro, NC, 27412, USA.
FAU - Friend, Linda
AU  - Friend L
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-6839-5422
AD  - Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina Greensboro, 318 College 
      Avenue, Greensboro, NC, 27412, USA.
LA  - eng
GR  - Vegetarian Nutrition Dietary Practice Group/Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 
      Foundation/
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Observational Study
DEP - 20180726
PL  - Germany
TA  - Eur J Nutr
JT  - European journal of nutrition
JID - 100888704
RN  - 0 (Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor)
RN  - 0 (Fatty Acids, Essential)
SB  - IM
MH  - Adult
MH  - Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/*metabolism
MH  - Cross-Sectional Studies
MH  - Diet/*methods
MH  - Diet, Vegan/methods
MH  - Diet, Vegetarian/methods
MH  - Fatty Acids, Essential/*metabolism
MH  - Female
MH  - Humans
MH  - Lactation
MH  - Milk, Human/*metabolism
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Brain derived neurotrophic factor
OT  - Breast milk
OT  - Docosahexaenoic acid
OT  - Human milk
OT  - Vegan
OT  - Vegetarian
EDAT- 2018/07/28 06:00
MHDA- 2020/02/13 06:00
CRDT- 2018/07/28 06:00
PHST- 2018/04/19 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2018/07/22 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2018/07/28 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2020/02/13 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2018/07/28 06:00 [entrez]
AID - 10.1007/s00394-018-1793-z [pii]
AID - 10.1007/s00394-018-1793-z [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Eur J Nutr. 2019 Sep;58(6):2401-2410. doi: 10.1007/s00394-018-1793-z. Epub 2018 
      Jul 26.