PMID- 30075672
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20191212
LR  - 20191226
IS  - 1520-8524 (Electronic)
IS  - 0001-4966 (Print)
IS  - 0001-4966 (Linking)
VI  - 144
IP  - 1
DP  - 2018 Jul
TI  - Frequency-sum beamforming for passive cavitation imaging.
PG  - 198
LID - 10.1121/1.5045328 [doi]
AB  - Beamforming includes a variety of spatial filtering techniques that may be used 
      for determining sound source locations from near-field sensor array recordings. 
      For this scenario, beamforming resolution depends on the acoustic frequency, 
      array geometry, and target location. Random scattering in the medium between the 
      source and the array may degrade beamforming resolution with higher frequencies 
      being more susceptible to degradation. The performance of frequency-sum (FS) 
      beamforming for reducing such sensitivity to mild scattering while increasing 
      resolution is reported here. FS beamforming was used with a data-dependent 
      [minimum variance (MV)] or data-independent (delay-and-sum, DAS) weight vector to 
      produce higher frequency information from lower frequency signal components via a 
      quadratic product of complex signal amplitudes. The current findings and 
      comparisons are based on simulations and passive cavitation imaging experiments 
      using 3 MHz and 6 MHz emissions recorded by a 128-element linear array. FS 
      beamforming results are compared to conventional DAS and MV beamforming using 
      four metrics: point spread function (PSF) size, axial and lateral contrast, and 
      computation time. FS beamforming produces a smaller PSF than conventional DAS 
      beamforming with less computation time than MV beamforming in free space and mild 
      scattering environments. However, it may fail when multiple unknown sound sources 
      are present.
FAU - Abadi, Shima H
AU  - Abadi SH
AD  - School of STEM, University of Washington, Bothell, Washington 98011, USA.
FAU - Haworth, Kevin J
AU  - Haworth KJ
AD  - Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 
      45267, USA.
FAU - Mercado-Shekhar, Karla P
AU  - Mercado-Shekhar KP
AD  - Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 
      45267, USA.
FAU - Dowling, David R
AU  - Dowling DR
AD  - Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
LA  - eng
GR  - K25 HL133452/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
PL  - United States
TA  - J Acoust Soc Am
JT  - The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
JID - 7503051
SB  - IM
MH  - *Algorithms
MH  - *Computer Simulation
MH  - Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/methods
MH  - *Phantoms, Imaging
MH  - *Sound
MH  - Ultrasonography/methods
PMC - PMC6927771
EDAT- 2018/08/05 06:00
MHDA- 2019/12/18 06:00
PMCR- 2018/07/11
CRDT- 2018/08/05 06:00
PHST- 2018/08/05 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2018/08/05 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2019/12/18 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2018/07/11 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 1.5045328 [pii]
AID - 021807JAS [pii]
AID - 10.1121/1.5045328 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - J Acoust Soc Am. 2018 Jul;144(1):198. doi: 10.1121/1.5045328.