PMID- 30081194
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20190204
LR  - 20191210
IS  - 1095-9572 (Electronic)
IS  - 1053-8119 (Linking)
VI  - 183
DP  - 2018 Dec
TI  - Electrophysiological responses of medial prefrontal cortex to feedback at 
      different levels of hierarchy.
PG  - 121-131
LID - S1053-8119(18)30680-3 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.07.064 [doi]
AB  - Recent advances in computational reinforcement learning suggest that humans and 
      animals can learn from different types of reinforcers in a hierarchically 
      organised fashion. According to this theoretical framework, while humans learn to 
      coordinate subroutines based on external reinforcers such as food rewards, simple 
      actions within those subroutines are reinforced by an internal reinforcer called 
      a pseudo-reward. Although the neural mechanisms underlying these processes are 
      unknown, recent empirical evidence suggests that the medial prefrontal cortex 
      (MPFC) is involved. To elucidate this issue, we measured a component of the human 
      event-related brain potential, called the reward positivity, that is said to 
      reflect a reward prediction error signal generated in the MPFC. Using a task 
      paradigm involving reinforcers at two levels of hierarchy, we show that reward 
      positivity amplitude is sensitive to the valence of low-level pseudo-rewards but, 
      contrary to our expectation, is not modulated by high-level rewards. Further, 
      reward positivity amplitude to low-level feedback is modulated by the goals of 
      the higher level. These results, which were further replicated in a control 
      experiment, suggest that the MPFC is involved in the processing of rewards at 
      multiple levels of hierarchy.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
FAU - Shahnazian, Danesh
AU  - Shahnazian D
AD  - Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Canada. Electronic address: 
      d.dshahnaz@uvic.ca.
FAU - Shulver, Kurt
AU  - Shulver K
AD  - Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Australia.
FAU - Holroyd, Clay B
AU  - Holroyd CB
AD  - Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Canada.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20180804
PL  - United States
TA  - Neuroimage
JT  - NeuroImage
JID - 9215515
SB  - IM
MH  - Adolescent
MH  - Adult
MH  - Electroencephalography/*methods
MH  - Evoked Potentials/*physiology
MH  - Feedback, Psychological/*physiology
MH  - Functional Neuroimaging/*methods
MH  - Humans
MH  - Prefrontal Cortex/*physiology
MH  - Psychomotor Performance/*physiology
MH  - *Reinforcement, Psychology
MH  - *Reward
MH  - Young Adult
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Hierarchical reinforcement learning
OT  - Medial prefrontal cortex
OT  - Reward positivity
EDAT- 2018/08/07 06:00
MHDA- 2019/02/05 06:00
CRDT- 2018/08/07 06:00
PHST- 2018/03/28 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2018/07/27 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2018/07/28 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2018/08/07 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2019/02/05 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2018/08/07 06:00 [entrez]
AID - S1053-8119(18)30680-3 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.07.064 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Neuroimage. 2018 Dec;183:121-131. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.07.064. Epub 
      2018 Aug 4.