PMID- 30093288
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20190501
LR  - 20190501
IS  - 1876-4754 (Electronic)
IS  - 1876-4754 (Linking)
VI  - 11
IP  - 6
DP  - 2018 Nov-Dec
TI  - Modulation of motor learning by a paired associative stimulation protocol 
      inducing LTD-like effects.
PG  - 1314-1321
LID - S1935-861X(18)30258-4 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.brs.2018.07.054 [doi]
AB  - BACKGROUND: Paired associative stimulation (PAS) induces long-term potentiation 
      (LTP)-like effects when interstimulus intervals (ISIs) between electrical 
      peripheral nerve stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to M1 
      are approximately 21-25 ms (PAS(LTP)). It was previously reported that two forms 
      of motor learning (i.e., mode-free and model-based learning) can be 
      differentially modulated by PAS(LTP) depending on the different synaptic inputs 
      to corticospinal neurons (CSNs), which relate to posterior-to-anterior (PA) or 
      anterior-to-posterior (AP) currents induced by TMS (PA or AP inputs, 
      respectively). However, the effects of long-term depression (LTD)-inducing PAS 
      with an ISI of approximately 10 ms (PAS(LTD)) on motor learning and its 
      dependency on current direction have not yet been tested. OBJECTIVE: To 
      investigate whether, and how, PAS(LTD) affects distinct types of motor learning. 
      METHODS: Eighteen healthy volunteers participated. We adopted the standard PAS 
      using suprathreshold TMS with the target muscle relaxed, as well as subthreshold 
      PAS during voluntary contraction, which was suggested to selectively recruit PA 
      or AP inputs depending on the orientation of the TMS coil. We examined the 
      effects of suprathreshold and subthreshold PAS(LTD) on the performance of 
      model-free and model-based learning, as well as the corticospinal excitability, 
      indexed as the amplitudes of motor evoked potentials (MEPs). RESULTS: PAS(LTD) 
      inhibited model-free learning and MEPs only when subthreshold AP currents were 
      applied. The PAS(LTD) protocols tested here showed no effects on model-based 
      learning. CONCLUSIONS: PAS(LTD) affected model-free learning, presumably by 
      modulating CSN excitability changes, rather than PA inputs, which are thought to 
      be related to model-free learning.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
FAU - Sasaki, Takuya
AU  - Sasaki T
AD  - Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 
      Tokyo, Japan.
FAU - Shirota, Yuichiro
AU  - Shirota Y
AD  - Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 
      Tokyo, Japan.
FAU - Kodama, Satoshi
AU  - Kodama S
AD  - Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 
      Tokyo, Japan.
FAU - Togashi, Naohiko
AU  - Togashi N
AD  - Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 
      Tokyo, Japan; Department of Neurology, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, 
      Japan.
FAU - Sugiyama, Yusuke
AU  - Sugiyama Y
AD  - Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 
      Tokyo, Japan.
FAU - Tokushige, Shin-Ichi
AU  - Tokushige SI
AD  - Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 
      Tokyo, Japan; Department of Neurology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 
      Tokyo, Japan.
FAU - Inomata-Terada, Satomi
AU  - Inomata-Terada S
AD  - Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 
      Tokyo, Japan; Department of Cell Physiology, Kyorin University School of 
      Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
FAU - Terao, Yasuo
AU  - Terao Y
AD  - Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 
      Tokyo, Japan; Department of Cell Physiology, Kyorin University School of 
      Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
FAU - Ugawa, Yoshikazu
AU  - Ugawa Y
AD  - Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, 
      Fukushima, Japan; Fukushima Global Medical Science Center, Advanced Clinical 
      Research Center, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan.
FAU - Toda, Tatsushi
AU  - Toda T
AD  - Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 
      Tokyo, Japan.
FAU - Hamada, Masashi
AU  - Hamada M
AD  - Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 
      Tokyo, Japan. Electronic address: mhamada-tky@umin.ac.jp.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20180731
PL  - United States
TA  - Brain Stimul
JT  - Brain stimulation
JID - 101465726
SB  - IM
MH  - Adult
MH  - Evoked Potentials, Motor/*physiology
MH  - Female
MH  - Humans
MH  - Learning/*physiology
MH  - Long-Term Potentiation/physiology
MH  - Long-Term Synaptic Depression/*physiology
MH  - Male
MH  - Middle Aged
MH  - Motor Cortex/*physiology
MH  - Neuronal Plasticity/physiology
MH  - Time Factors
MH  - Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation/*methods
MH  - Young Adult
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Motor cortex
OT  - Motor learning
OT  - Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS)
OT  - Paired associative stimulation (PAS)
OT  - Plasticity
OT  - Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
EDAT- 2018/08/11 06:00
MHDA- 2019/05/02 06:00
CRDT- 2018/08/11 06:00
PHST- 2018/01/30 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2018/07/13 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2018/07/27 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2018/08/11 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2019/05/02 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2018/08/11 06:00 [entrez]
AID - S1935-861X(18)30258-4 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.brs.2018.07.054 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Brain Stimul. 2018 Nov-Dec;11(6):1314-1321. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2018.07.054. Epub 
      2018 Jul 31.