PMID- 30178415
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20190108
LR  - 20190108
IS  - 1614-7499 (Electronic)
IS  - 0944-1344 (Linking)
VI  - 25
IP  - 31
DP  - 2018 Nov
TI  - The concentration of heavy metals in noodle samples from Iran's market: 
      probabilistic health risk assessment.
PG  - 30928-30937
LID - 10.1007/s11356-018-3030-y [doi]
AB  - In the current study, the concentration of heavy metals including lead (Pb), 
      chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), and aluminum (Al) in commonly instant noodles 
      consumed in Iran (either imported from other countries or produced in Iran) was 
      investigated by acid digestion method followed by an inductively coupled plasma 
      optical emission spectrometry system (ICP-OES). Also, the associated 
      non-carcinogenic risk due to ingestion of heavy metals for adults and children 
      was estimated by calculating percentile 95% target hazard quotient (THQ) in the 
      Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) method. The average concentrations of Pb, Cr, Cd, 
      and Al in Iranian instant noodle samples were measured as 1.21 +/- 0.81, 
      0.08 +/- 0.10, 0.03 +/- 0.06, and 9.15 +/- 4.82 (mg/kg) and in imported instant noodle 
      samples were 1.00 +/- 0.61, 0.07 +/- 0.07, 0.04 +/- 0.03, and 15.90 +/- 0.93 (mg/kg), 
      respectively. A significant difference (p value < 0.05) in the mean concentration 
      of Pb, Cr, Cd, and Al of Iranian instant noodle and imported instant noodle 
      samples was observed. Also, the concentration of Pb, Cr, Cd, and Al in all brands 
      of instant noodle (0.025 mg/kg, 0.050 mg/kg, 0.003 mg/kg, and 0.237 mg/kg, 
      respectively) surpassed the WHO-permitted limits for Pb, Cr, Cd, and Al. 
      Percentile 95% of THQ of Pb, Cr, Cd, and Al for the adult consumers was 
      calculated as 0.012, 0.000007, 0.010, and 1.789; while in the case of children, 
      percentile 95% of THQ of Pb, Cr, Cd, and Al was defined as 0.044, 0.00023, 0.035, 
      and 6.167, respectively. Health risk assessment indicated that both adults and 
      children are at considerable non-carcinogenic health risk for Al (THQ > 1). 
      Therefore, approaching the required strategies in order to reduce the 
      concentration of heavy metals particularly Al in the instant noodle is 
      recommended.
FAU - Tajdar-Oranj, Behrouz
AU  - Tajdar-Oranj B
AD  - Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tehran University of 
      Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
AD  - Student Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 
      Tehran, Iran.
FAU - Shariatifar, Nabi
AU  - Shariatifar N
AD  - Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tehran University of 
      Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
AD  - Halal Research Center of IRI.FDA.MOH, Tehran, Iran.
FAU - Alimohammadi, Mahmood
AU  - Alimohammadi M
AD  - Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tehran University of 
      Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
FAU - Peivasteh-Roudsari, Leila
AU  - Peivasteh-Roudsari L
AD  - Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tehran University of 
      Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
AD  - Student Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 
      Tehran, Iran.
FAU - Khaniki, Gholamreza Jahed
AU  - Khaniki GJ
AD  - Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tehran University of 
      Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ghjahed@tums.ac.ir.
FAU - Fakhri, Yadolah
AU  - Fakhri Y
AD  - Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Student 
      research committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
FAU - Mousavi Khaneghah, Amin
AU  - Mousavi Khaneghah A
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-5769-0004
AD  - Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, State University of 
      Campinas (UNICAMP), Monteiro Lobato, 80, Caixa Postal: 6121, Campinas, Sao Paulo, 
      13083-862, Brazil. mousavi.amin@gmail.com.
LA  - eng
GR  - 3240274290/CNPq-TWAS Postgraduate Fellowship/
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20180904
PL  - Germany
TA  - Environ Sci Pollut Res Int
JT  - Environmental science and pollution research international
JID - 9441769
RN  - 0 (Dietary Carbohydrates)
RN  - 0 (Metals)
SB  - IM
MH  - Adult
MH  - Child
MH  - Dietary Carbohydrates/*analysis
MH  - Environmental Monitoring
MH  - Food Contamination/*analysis
MH  - Humans
MH  - Iran
MH  - Metals/*analysis
MH  - Monte Carlo Method
MH  - Risk Assessment
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Heavy metals
OT  - ICP-OES
OT  - Instant noodle
OT  - Monte Carlo simulation, non-carcinogenic
OT  - Risk assessment
EDAT- 2018/09/05 06:00
MHDA- 2019/01/09 06:00
CRDT- 2018/09/05 06:00
PHST- 2018/06/01 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2018/08/20 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2018/09/05 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2019/01/09 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2018/09/05 06:00 [entrez]
AID - 10.1007/s11356-018-3030-y [pii]
AID - 10.1007/s11356-018-3030-y [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2018 Nov;25(31):30928-30937. doi: 
      10.1007/s11356-018-3030-y. Epub 2018 Sep 4.