PMID- 30194542
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20190613
LR  - 20191210
IS  - 0171-2004 (Print)
IS  - 0171-2004 (Linking)
VI  - 252
DP  - 2018
TI  - Responding to New Psychoactive Substances in the European Union: Early Warning, 
      Risk Assessment, and Control Measures.
PG  - 3-49
LID - 10.1007/164_2018_160 [doi]
AB  - New psychoactive substances (NPS) are drugs that are not controlled by the United 
      Nations international drug control conventions of 1961 and 1971 but that may pose 
      similar threats to public health. Many of them are traded as "legal" replacements 
      to controlled drugs such as cannabis, heroin, benzodiazepines, cocaine, 
      amphetamines, and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). Driven by 
      globalization, there has been a large increase in the availability and, 
      subsequently, harms caused by these substances over the last decade in Europe. 
      The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) is 
      monitoring more than 670 NPS that have appeared on Europe's drug market in the 
      last 20 years, of which almost 90% have appeared in the last decade. While some 
      recent policy responses have been successful in reducing availability and sales 
      of these substances in some settings - such as "legal highs" and "research 
      chemicals" sold openly in the high street and online - and there are signs that 
      growth in the market is slowing, new challenges have emerged. This includes 
      monitoring a growing number of highly potent substances - including 179 synthetic 
      cannabinoid receptor agonists and 28 fentanils - that can pose a high risk of 
      life-threatening poisoning to users and can cause explosive outbreaks. This 
      chapter briefly traces the origins of NPS, provides an overview of the situation 
      in Europe, and discusses the work of the EMCDDA as part of a legal framework of 
      early warning, risk assessment, and control measures that allows the European 
      Union to rapidly detect, assess, and respond to public health and social threats 
      caused by these substances.
FAU - Evans-Brown, Michael
AU  - Evans-Brown M
AD  - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Lisbon, Portugal. 
      michael.evans-brown@emcdda.europa.eu.
FAU - Sedefov, Roumen
AU  - Sedefov R
AD  - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Lisbon, Portugal.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
PL  - Germany
TA  - Handb Exp Pharmacol
JT  - Handbook of experimental pharmacology
JID - 7902231
RN  - 0 (Illicit Drugs)
RN  - 0 (Psychotropic Drugs)
SB  - IM
MH  - *European Union
MH  - Illicit Drugs/*legislation & jurisprudence/*supply & distribution
MH  - Psychotropic Drugs/*supply & distribution
MH  - Public Health
MH  - Risk Assessment
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Adulteration
OT  - Benzodiazepines
OT  - Designer drugs
OT  - Dietary supplements
OT  - Early warning systems
OT  - Fentanils
OT  - Globalization
OT  - Legal highs
OT  - Misbranding
OT  - New psychoactive substances
OT  - Opioids
OT  - Outbreaks
OT  - Preparedness
OT  - Public health policy
OT  - Risk assessment
OT  - Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists
OT  - Synthetic cathinones
EDAT- 2018/09/09 06:00
MHDA- 2019/06/14 06:00
CRDT- 2018/09/09 06:00
PHST- 2018/09/09 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2019/06/14 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2018/09/09 06:00 [entrez]
AID - 10.1007/164_2018_160 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2018;252:3-49. doi: 10.1007/164_2018_160.