PMID- 30302770
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20231129
IS  - 1096-9101 (Electronic)
IS  - 0196-8092 (Linking)
VI  - 51
IP  - 5
DP  - 2019 Jul
TI  - Laser threshold and cell damage mechanism for intravascular photoacoustic 
      imaging.
PG  - 466-474
LID - 10.1002/lsm.23026 [doi]
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Intravascular photoacoustic (IVPA) imaging is being developed to 
      image atherosclerotic plaques, a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the 
      United States. However, the safety of this imaging modality, which requires 
      repeated irradiation with short laser pulses, has not yet been investigated. This 
      study has two objectives. First, determine in vitro the limit of cumulative 
      fluence that can be applied to cells before death at IVPA relevant wavelengths. 
      Second, evaluate if high single pulse fluences are a potential cause of cell 
      death during IVPA imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Experiments were conducted 
      using endothelial cells, macrophages, and smooth muscle cells. The cumulative 
      fluence experiments were conducted at 1064 and 1197 nm, using a high pulse 
      repetition frequency laser. Cells were irradiated with a wide range of cumulative 
      fluences and evaluated for cell death. The thresholds for death were compared to 
      the maximum expected clinical cumulative fluence. To evaluate the effect of 
      single pulse fluences, cells were irradiated at 1064, 1210, and 1720 nm. Light 
      was delivered at a range of pulse energies to emulate the fluences that cells 
      would be exposed to during clinical IVPA imaging. RESULTS: At 1064 nm, all three 
      cell types remained viable at cumulative fluences above the maximum expected 
      clinical cumulative fluence, which is calculated based on common IVPA imaging 
      protocols. At 1197 nm, cells were viable near or just below the maximum expected 
      clinical cumulative fluence, with some cell type to cell type variation. All 
      three cell types remained viable after irradiation with high single pulse 
      fluences at all three wavelengths. CONCLUSION: The cumulative fluence experiments 
      indicate that safety considerations are likely to put constraints on the amount 
      of irradiation that can be used in IVPA imaging protocols. However, this study 
      also indicates that it will be possible to use IVPA imaging safely, since 
      cumulative fluences could be reduced by as much as two orders of magnitude below 
      the maximum expected clinical cumulative fluence by varying the imaging protocol, 
      albeit at the expense of image quality. The single pulse fluence experiments 
      indicate that cell death from single pulse fluence is not likely during IVPA 
      imaging. Thus, future studies should focus on heat accumulation as the likely 
      mechanism of tissue damage. Lasers Surg. Med. 51:466-474, 2019. (c) 2018 Wiley 
      Periodicals, Inc.
CI  - (c) 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
FAU - Sowers, Timothy
AU  - Sowers T
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-9293-0472
AD  - Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of 
      Technology, Atlanta, Georgia.
AD  - George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of 
      Technology, Atlanta, Georgia.
FAU - VanderLaan, Don
AU  - VanderLaan D
AD  - School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 
      Atlanta, Georgia.
FAU - Karpiouk, Andrei
AU  - Karpiouk A
AD  - School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 
      Atlanta, Georgia.
FAU - Donnelly, Eleanor M
AU  - Donnelly EM
AD  - Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of 
      Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.
FAU - Smith, Ethan
AU  - Smith E
AD  - Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 
      Atlanta, Georgia.
FAU - Emelianov, Stanislav
AU  - Emelianov S
AD  - Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of 
      Technology, Atlanta, Georgia.
AD  - School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 
      Atlanta, Georgia.
AD  - Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of 
      Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.
LA  - eng
GR  - 1 R01-HL124417/National Institutes of Health/
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20181010
PL  - United States
TA  - Lasers Surg Med
JT  - Lasers in surgery and medicine
JID - 8007168
SB  - IM
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - cells
OT  - clinical
OT  - endothelial cells
OT  - intravascular
OT  - macrophages
OT  - optoacoustics
OT  - photoacoustics
OT  - safety
OT  - smooth muscle cells
OT  - ultrasound
EDAT- 2018/10/12 06:00
MHDA- 2018/10/12 06:01
CRDT- 2018/10/11 06:00
PHST- 2018/09/22 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2018/10/12 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2018/10/12 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2018/10/11 06:00 [entrez]
AID - 10.1002/lsm.23026 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Lasers Surg Med. 2019 Jul;51(5):466-474. doi: 10.1002/lsm.23026. Epub 2018 Oct 
      10.