PMID- 30306246
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20190510
LR  - 20200225
IS  - 1432-1106 (Electronic)
IS  - 0014-4819 (Linking)
VI  - 237
IP  - 1
DP  - 2019 Jan
TI  - Effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and visuotactile synchrony 
      on the embodiment of an artificial hand.
PG  - 81-89
LID - 10.1007/s00221-018-5398-9 [doi]
AB  - The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is an experimental paradigm known to produce a 
      bodily illusion. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) combined with 
      the RHI induces a stronger illusion than the RHI alone. Visuotactile stimulus 
      synchrony is an important aspect of the RHI. However, the effect of TENS and 
      visuotactile stimulus synchrony in TENS combined with the RHI remains unknown. 
      The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of TENS and visuotactile 
      stimulus synchrony on the embodiment of an artificial hand when using TENS 
      combined with the RHI. The participants underwent four experimental conditions in 
      random order: TENS/noTENS x Synchronous/Asynchronous. TENS was set at an 
      intensity such that it generated a feeling of electrical paresthesia in the 
      radial nerve area of the hand but did not cause pain, i.e., 100-Hz pulse 
      frequency, 80-micros pulse duration, and a constant pulse pattern. A visuotactile 
      stimulus, either temporally synchronous or asynchronous, was generated using 
      paintbrush strokes. To evaluate the outcome measures, the participants completed 
      a questionnaire report and proprioceptive drift assessments (motor response and 
      perceptual response). There were significant main effects of TENS and 
      visuotactile synchrony, but no interaction between these factors, on the results 
      of the questionnaire and the perceptual response. In contrast, there was no 
      significant effect on the result of the motor response. These findings indicate 
      that TENS and visuotactile synchrony might affect differently the embodiment of 
      an artificial hand when using TENS combined with the RHI.
FAU - Asao, Akihiko
AU  - Asao A
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-8994-833X
AD  - Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Niigata University 
      of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan. asao@nuhw.ac.jp.
FAU - Shibuya, Kenichi
AU  - Shibuya K
AD  - Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, Niigata 
      University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan.
FAU - Yamada, Kazuki
AU  - Yamada K
AD  - Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Niigata University 
      of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan.
FAU - Kazama, Yuina
AU  - Kazama Y
AD  - Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Niigata University 
      of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20181010
PL  - Germany
TA  - Exp Brain Res
JT  - Experimental brain research
JID - 0043312
SB  - IM
MH  - Adult
MH  - *Artificial Limbs
MH  - Body Image
MH  - Female
MH  - Hand
MH  - Humans
MH  - Illusions/*physiology
MH  - Male
MH  - Outcome Assessment, Health Care
MH  - Proprioception/*physiology
MH  - Reaction Time
MH  - Surveys and Questionnaires
MH  - Touch Perception/*physiology
MH  - Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation/*methods
MH  - Visual Perception/*physiology
MH  - Young Adult
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Proprioceptive drift
OT  - Rubber hand illusion
OT  - Sense of body ownership
OT  - Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
OT  - Visuotactile synchrony
EDAT- 2018/10/12 06:00
MHDA- 2019/05/11 06:00
CRDT- 2018/10/12 06:00
PHST- 2018/05/23 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2018/10/05 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2018/10/12 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2019/05/11 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2018/10/12 06:00 [entrez]
AID - 10.1007/s00221-018-5398-9 [pii]
AID - 10.1007/s00221-018-5398-9 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Exp Brain Res. 2019 Jan;237(1):81-89. doi: 10.1007/s00221-018-5398-9. Epub 2018 
      Oct 10.